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For ordinary bank-account-to-bank-account UPI, NPCI says transactions remain free for merchants and customers. NPCI also says a merchant receives the money immediately after the customer confirms payment—but the credit goes to the merchant pool or bank account specified by the merchant’s agreement. The practical answer is to confirm payment-source rules and settlement terms with your acquiring bank or payment provider.
Does UPI charge merchants?
For bank-account-to-bank-account UPI, NPCI stated on March 29, 2023, that transactions “continue to remain free for Customers and Merchants.” That statement is specifically about payments made from bank accounts; it should not be read as a blanket promise that every UPI-linked payment source or separately contracted service has no charge. NPCI’s March 2023 statement distinguishes bank-account transactions from PPI wallet merchant transactions.
If a customer pays through a PPI wallet or a RuPay credit card linked to UPI, check the rules for that payment source and your acquiring agreement rather than assuming the bank-account rule applies.
What about RuPay credit cards linked to UPI?
NPCI’s 2022 operating circular specifies nil MDR, with no interchange, PSP, or app-provider charges, for RuPay credit-card-on-UPI transactions at the defined small offline merchant category when the transaction is up to and including ₹2,000. The circular also describes applicable interchange in other cases. This is a scoped rule, not the general fee rule for all UPI transactions or merchants; check for later amendments before relying on it. Read NPCI’s 2022 operating circular.
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When will I receive a UPI payment?
NPCI’s UPI FAQ says: “Merchant will receive the money immediately after customer confirms the payment into the merchant Pool bank account/ merchant bank account as per their agreement.” The agreement qualification matters: the destination may be a merchant pool account or the merchant’s bank account, and the FAQ does not establish one universal payout schedule for every provider. See NPCI’s UPI FAQ.
Before accepting payments, ask your acquiring bank or provider to specify the settlement destination and contractual terms. Also establish how transactions will appear in reconciliation reports and how to check a payment’s status if the customer says it succeeded but your records do not show it.
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NPCI’s 2025 circulars describe ten UPI settlement cycles per day at the inter-member operational level, with an October 29, 2025 addendum revising the effective date for segregated authorization and dispute cycles to December 15, 2025. These are payment-system settlement operations between members, not a promise that a merchant receives ten payouts per day. September 2025 circular and October 2025 addendum.
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NPCI describes UPI merchant onboarding as a bank-led process. The merchant partners with an acquiring bank, which provides the infrastructure and manages onboarding and configuration. The process includes merchant due diligence and compliance, assignment of a merchant identifier, and configuration of details such as the merchant category code (MCC), UPI ID, account details, and integration type. The acquirer assigns the MCC based on the business category. NPCI’s merchant FAQ.
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NPCI lists four acceptance integration modes. They suit different checkout flows; NPCI does not publish a comparative price or performance ranking for them.
| Mode | How to think about it | What NPCI specifies |
|---|---|---|
| QR | Useful when a customer can scan a merchant QR at checkout. | A QR can carry the merchant’s UPI ID and amount, which appear on the customer’s payment screen after scanning. |
| Intent | An option for a digital checkout that hands off to a payment app. | Listed as an integration mode; comparative pricing and performance are not stated in the FAQ. |
| Application-based | An integration option for an app-based checkout. | Listed as an integration mode; comparative pricing and performance are not stated in the FAQ. |
| Collect | A request-based option in which a payment request is sent to the customer. | Listed as an integration mode; comparative pricing and performance are not stated in the FAQ. |
When comparing acquirers, ask about onboarding, supported checkout modes, settlement destination and terms, reconciliation, refund and dispute handling, support, and any separately disclosed service charges. A countertop QR display can present a configured merchant QR, but it does not create a valid merchant QR, complete onboarding, or process the payment; those depend on the acquirer’s infrastructure.
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What should I do about a refund, failed debit, or pending payment?
Merchant refund
NPCI says the merchant should ask the bank to refund the charged amount through the defined process. The FAQ does not establish a single merchant refund timeline, so follow the acquiring bank’s procedure and ask for its applicable terms. NPCI’s UPI FAQ.
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Grievance or transaction status
For a merchant grievance or to check transaction status, NPCI directs the merchant to the acquiring bank. Keep the relevant transaction details available when contacting it.
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Customer-side failure information is not a merchant payout guarantee
NPCI’s FAQ says a failed debit is refunded, although it may take longer than intended. It also says that a pending payment delayed at the beneficiary bank end will reach the beneficiary within 48 hours once that bank completes its daily settlements. Those are consumer-side FAQ statements, not a merchant acquiring service-level agreement for payouts or refunds.
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