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Keep search text, selected filters, sort order, and page number in state when they represent user choices. Don’t also store a filtered or paginated copy of the list if React can calculate it from the source data and those controls. Derive that display data during render; use URL parameters instead when the view should be shareable or survive refresh.
What belongs in state—and what should be calculated?
State should hold information that can change independently: for example, the current search query, selected category, sort choice, and page number. A result list that is entirely determined by those values and the source items is derived data. Storing both the inputs and their calculated result creates a synchronization obligation: every change to the data or controls must also update the duplicate result.
React’s guidance is to calculate information from props or existing state during rendering rather than put that information in state. Its state-structure guide explains the risk of redundant state, and Thinking in React demonstrates keeping the query and checkbox selection as state while computing the filtered product list.
Keep the controls
- Search text, if the user edits it.
- Selected filter values.
- Sort order, if the user can change it.
- Page index, if the interface has pagination.
Calculate the display
- The filtered collection.
- The sorted collection.
- The items on the current page.
- Values such as page count that can be computed from the current result count and page size.
How do you filter and paginate without storing the results?
For a modest collection already available in the browser, compute the filtered and paginated values from the source list and current controls. Filter first, sort the matching items if needed, then slice the result for the selected page.
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const [query, setQuery] = useState("");
const [category, setCategory] = useState("all");
const [page, setPage] = useState(1);
const filteredItems = items.filter(item => {
const matchesQuery = item.name.toLowerCase().includes(query.toLowerCase());
const matchesCategory = category === "all" || item.category === category;
return matchesQuery && matchesCategory;
});
const pageSize = 20;
const pageCount = Math.ceil(filteredItems.length / pageSize);
const visibleItems = filteredItems.slice((page - 1) * pageSize, page * pageSize);Here, filteredItems and visibleItems are ordinary calculations, not additional state. In JSX, render visibleItems; don’t add an effect just to copy filteredItems into another state variable.
Keep the page valid when the result set changes
A query or filter change can shrink the result set while the user is on a later page. Reset the page to 1 when those controls change, or clamp it to the last available page when the data or result count changes. This is an implementation choice, not a pagination rule prescribed by React’s documentation. Also handle the empty-result case: pageCount can be zero, so the interface should not offer navigation to a nonexistent page.
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Filtering and sorting should happen before slicing. Slicing first and then filtering can produce short pages or omit matches that exist elsewhere in the source collection.
Should search, filters, and pagination go in the URL?
Use URL search parameters when a particular view should be bookmarkable, shareable, recoverable after refresh, or represented in browser history. Use local component state when the choice is temporary and need not be restored. These choices can also be combined: an input can keep a draft locally while a submitted or debounced value is committed to the URL.
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| Where the value lives | Useful when | Trade-off |
|---|---|---|
| Local React state | The control should respond immediately and does not need a shareable address. | The value is not encoded in the URL, so a refresh does not restore it automatically. |
| URL search parameters | Users should be able to copy, bookmark, refresh, or revisit a search through browser history. | Updating search parameters through React Router causes navigation, so updates should match the intended interaction cadence. |
| Local draft plus URL value | Typing should update on every keystroke, but navigation should happen only on submit or after a deliberate debounce. | The draft and committed value have different roles; define when the draft is committed and how it responds to navigation. |
React Router documents search parameters as URL state and shows a GET search form in its URL Values guide. Its State Management guide explains how URL state can replace duplicated client state. For server-owned or large collections, a URL-driven loader can request the appropriate matching data rather than filtering the entire collection in the browser; the right split depends on the application’s data ownership and architecture.
React Router update details
In the current React Router reference, import useSearchParams from react-router and use its setter to apply parameter changes. The hook reference notes that setting search parameters causes navigation. Its callback form does not queue updates like React state setters, and the returned URLSearchParams object is mutable. Don’t mutate that object and expect a render or navigation by itself; make changes through the setter, and combine related edits in one update when they depend on each other.
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React Router’s Address Book tutorial demonstrates a GET form whose fields become query parameters and a loader that reads the query to find matching contacts. A submitted search can then participate in normal browser back navigation.
When is useMemo appropriate for list calculations?
Start with a direct render-time calculation. Add useMemo only when profiling shows that a calculation is expensive enough to affect interaction, or when a stable calculated value benefits a memoized consumer. It is an optimization, not a place to store authoritative results or a mechanism required for correctness.
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React describes useMemo as caching a calculation between re-renders. It does not make the first render faster, and React recommends it only for specific optimization cases. Measure the actual interaction before adding it, and make sure its dependencies include every value used by the calculation.
When should filtering happen on the server?
Client-side derivation is a straightforward fit when the component owns a manageable collection and can calculate the view locally. If the collection is large or owned by a server, request the filtered, sorted, or paginated slice instead of assuming the browser should process every item. URL parameters can still describe the requested view; React Router’s loader example shows a URL query being used to obtain matching data. The best division depends on the application’s data architecture, not on a rule that all filtering must happen in one place.
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