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Heavy rain in Nepal’s Lumbini and Gandaki provinces from September 24–27, 2026, drove the Gandak River—also known as the Narayani—to record levels in Nepal and India. NASA’s October 2 satellite comparison shows the river’s wider flood footprint on September 29 than on September 20, but it is a snapshot of inundation, not a final count of damage or displaced people.

What caused the Gandak River to flood?

NASA’s October 2, 2026, Earth Observatory report attributes the flooding to waves of torrential rain over Nepal’s mountainous Lumbini and Gandaki provinces between September 24 and 27, late in the monsoon season. The rain triggered landslides and raised river levels across Nepal and India. The Gandak is also called the Narayani, so reports using either name refer to the same river system.

The river’s levels changed quickly, and reports describe different locations and types of measurements. Devghat’s gauge height, Bagaha’s gauge height, and discharge from the Gandak Barrage are not interchangeable readings.

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How high did the Narayani and Gandak rise?

Location and measure Reported figure Context and source
Devghat, Nepal: gauge height 11.94 metres Reached at 2:10 p.m. on September 27, 2026, according to Onlinekhabar, citing the Narayani Basin Field Office and Department of Hydrology and Meteorology. The report says this was the highest since measurements began there in 1963.
Bagaha, Bihar: gauge height 91.25 metres Reported by DD India on September 29, citing a Bihar Water Resources Department release. It was 0.35 metres above the previous 2024 peak of 90.90 metres.
Gandak Barrage at Valmikinagar: discharge 543,500 cusecs Reported by DD India as the department’s figure at 6 a.m. on September 28. Discharge is a flow rate, not a gauge height.

Devghat’s 11.94 metres and Bagaha’s 91.25 metres are readings from separate gauges on different reaches. Comparing the numbers directly would not show which place had the more severe flood. At Devghat, the Onlinekhabar report gives a warning level of 7.30 metres and a danger level of 9 metres; it says the reading had fallen to 11.75 metres by 3:40 p.m. on September 27. DD India’s September 29 account said levels were declining upstream but still rising downstream, illustrating why a reading needs its station and time.

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What do NASA’s satellite images show?

NASA compares MODIS observations from the Terra and Aqua satellites dated September 20, before the reported heavy-rain period, and September 29, during flooding. The false-color composite combines MODIS bands 7-2-1, using infrared and visible observations to make water easier to distinguish: floodwater appears blue, vegetation bright green, and clouds light blue. The comparison shows a visibly wider river and water spreading across nearby low-lying land.

NASA describes inundation of seasonal fields on sand and silt deposits within the river channel, locally called diara, and flooding associated with breaches in parts of Bagaha, Areraj, and Fulia Khand. The images help show where the water footprint changed between the two dates; they do not establish flood depth, household-level losses, or a final displacement total. NASA credits the imagery to NASA Earth Observatory / Lauren Dauphin, with MODIS data from NASA EOSDIS LANCE and GIBS/Worldview.

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What was reported about impacts in North Bihar?

On September 30, Akashvani News / News On AIR reported more than 200 affected villages across West Champaran, East Champaran, Gopalganj, Muzaffarpur, Vaishali, and Saran districts. It also described embankment breaches and relief and rescue operations. This was a report published while the situation was unfolding, not a finalized region-wide assessment.

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NASA likewise said reports indicated hundreds of villages were affected and thousands of people displaced, while authorities were still assessing the full damage. Those figures should be treated as reported impacts at the time, rather than a definitive accounting.

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Where to follow the flood data

NASA lists Worldview, the FLOOD Viewer, and the GPM IMERG Global Viewer as resources for tracking imagery, flooding, and rainfall. Satellite views can show changes across broad areas, while local gauge reports provide dated readings at specific points; neither alone supplies a complete damage assessment.

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