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The current published standards covered here are C23 for C and C++23 for C++. They are separate languages and standards, not one shared “modern C/C++” mode. Their features and compiler support differ, so the practical choice depends on your project’s constraints and the toolchain you plan to ship.
What “modern C” and “modern C++” mean
C23 is the latest C revision identified in the reference material, with the ISO designation ISO/IEC 9899:2024. C++23 is the most recently published C++ revision identified there. The ISO C++ committee’s status page says, “C++23 and many TSes have been published, and work is now underway on more TSes and C++26.” That distinguishes published standards from later work: a proposal or draft feature is not automatically part of C++23.
The year in a standard’s name identifies its revision; it does not guarantee that a compiler implements every feature. A project may use a newer standard mode selectively, or remain on an older one for compatibility. Check the selected language mode as well as the implementation’s support before relying on a feature.
What C23 adds to C
C23 updates the language while retaining C’s comparatively small, procedural core. Notable changes include new numeric types and literal forms, standardized attributes, and revisions to familiar declarations and keywords.
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| Area | C23 change | Why it matters |
|---|---|---|
| Numeric types | Decimal floating-point types: _Decimal32, _Decimal64, and _Decimal128; bit-precise integers using _BitInt. |
These give programs additional ways to express decimal values or integers with a specified bit precision. Availability and suitability still depend on the implementation and application. |
| Integer literals | Binary integer constants and digit separators. | These can make bit patterns and long numeric literals easier to read in source code. |
| Character and string literals | u8 character constants and strings. |
They clarify the UTF-8 form of the literal; check the rules and implementation support when adapting existing source. |
| Attributes | Standardized attribute syntax. | Attributes provide a standard way to attach certain annotations to declarations or other language constructs, subject to what the standard and implementation recognize. |
| Declarations and keywords | Changes to static_assert and thread_local. |
Code using these facilities should be checked against C23’s spelling and compatibility rules rather than assuming the C++ forms or older C behavior apply unchanged. |
C23 also removes or deprecates selected older facilities. The specific migration impact depends on the codebase, so review the C23 reference and your compiler’s diagnostics before changing a project’s language mode. The C23 reference documents __STDC_VERSION__ as 202311L; this macro can help identify the implementation’s claimed C language version, but does not by itself prove that every C23 feature works as needed.
What C++23 adds to C++
C++23 extends a language with a much larger abstraction and library ecosystem than C. Representative additions include the following language features. Their inclusion in the standard does not imply uniform compiler or library support.
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- Explicit object parameters (“deducing this”): lets a member function declare its object parameter explicitly, which can help express shared behavior across object cv/ref forms and reduce some repetitive overloads.
- Multidimensional subscripting: permits multiple indices in an
operator[]expression, making user-defined multidimensional access syntax more direct. - Static call and subscript operators, and static lambdas: allow forms that do not need an object instance or captured state, where the relevant rules and implementation support permit.
auto(x)andauto{x}: provide explicit ways to make a value copy with deduced type, useful when code needs to make value semantics clear.[[assume(expression)]]: communicates an assumption to the implementation. It is not a runtime check; an incorrect assumption can make behavior unsafe or undefined under the applicable rules.- Optional extended floating-point types: including
std::float16_tandstd::bfloat16_twhere supported. Treat these as implementation-dependent facilities rather than portable guarantees across all targets.
The C++23 final draft is N4950, dated 2023-05-10, according to the cppreference FAQ. A final draft is a useful technical reference, but the official standards are published by ISO and available for purchase.
How to check whether your compiler supports a feature
Standard publication and implementation support are separate questions. A compiler may accept the language mode while lacking a particular feature, and library facilities can have a different support status from core-language features.
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- Identify the actual toolchain. Record the compiler and version, standard-library implementation, target platform, and build configuration used for the product—not just the developer’s local setup.
- Confirm the selected language mode. Check the project’s build settings to see whether it requests C23 or C++23. A compiler’s default mode may be older, and the C and C++ mode selections are distinct.
- Look up the exact feature. Use a feature-by-feature compiler support table for the language facility, and a separate library support table where the feature depends on the standard library. Do not infer support for one feature from support for another.
- Verify on the shipping target. Compile a small test with the same compiler, library, flags, and target configuration as the project. For runtime-sensitive behavior, add an appropriate test; successful compilation alone may not verify the behavior the application needs.
- Check portability and fallback needs. If a feature is missing on a supported toolchain, decide whether to use a compatible alternative, conditional compilation, or a narrower support policy. Document the requirement so other builders do not silently use a different language mode.
Choosing C or C++ for a new systems project
Neither language is categorically faster, safer, or more portable. Those results depend on design, implementation, build settings, and how the team uses the language. Compare the constraints that will govern the finished project.
| Project consideration | Questions to answer |
|---|---|
| Interoperability and ABI | Must the public interface be C-compatible, or integrate with existing C libraries and tooling? C++ can interoperate with C through suitable interfaces, but its broader language features and ABI choices require deliberate boundaries. |
| Abstractions and library needs | Does the project benefit from C++’s generic programming, richer abstractions, and extensive standard library, or is C’s comparatively small procedural core a better fit? |
| Footprint and runtime constraints | What binary size, startup, runtime, and resource constraints must be met? Measure the actual design and build; the language name alone does not determine these outcomes. |
| Portability targets | Which compilers, standard libraries, operating systems, and hardware targets must be supported? Check required features on every supported combination. |
| Correctness and safety practices | Which language facilities, diagnostics, tests, and review practices will help prevent defects in this codebase? Evaluate concrete mechanisms rather than relying on a blanket safety ranking. |
| Team and maintenance horizon | Which language can the team maintain well, and how long must the project support older toolchains or interfaces? A newer standard feature may be a poor trade if deployment constraints make it unavailable. |
Practical recommendation
Choose the language from the project’s interfaces, deployment targets, and team expertise first; then choose the newest standard mode that the supported toolchains implement reliably. Adopt individual C23 or C++23 features when they solve a real problem and pass the project’s portability checks. For C++, keep draft and proposed C++26 work out of claims about C++23 unless you explicitly label it as newer, non-C++23 work.
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