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Color alone cannot tell you whether tap water is safe. Check for a local water advisory and follow its directions. If there is no advisory but the discoloration is new or persists, contact your water utility or health department before using the water for drinking or food preparation. For laundry, wait until the water runs clear; then wash a load of dark clothes first.
What to do first if your tap water is discolored
- Check for a current advisory. Look at your water utility’s website or alert system and your local health department’s notices. Follow an advisory even if the water looks clear; the instructions depend on the type of advisory.
- Call the utility if the change is unexplained. If no advisory is posted but the color change is new, persists, or occurs with low water pressure, contact the water utility. CDC also identifies the health department as a contact when water changes or you have concerns. CDC guidance on preventing drinking-water-related illnesses and EPA guidance for water customers recommend seeking local information rather than diagnosing the water by appearance.
- Do not rely on appearance, boiling, or a household filter as a general safety test. Use the action specified by local officials for drinking and cooking. Boiling can address germs in a boil-water advisory, but it does not remove harmful chemicals or toxins.
- Hold off on laundry while the water is visibly discolored. CDC’s advisory communication guidance says to wait until water runs clear, then wash a load of dark clothes first. Follow any more specific local instructions.
What the different water advisories mean
Advisory labels are not interchangeable. Use the instructions issued for your location, because officials may include additional directions for your incident.
| Advisory | What to do | Why the distinction matters |
|---|---|---|
| Boil water | Use commercially bottled or boiled water for drinking and preparing or cooking food, and follow the notice’s other instructions. CDC’s general guidance specifies a rolling boil for one minute, or three minutes above 6,500 feet. | This advisory addresses germs. Boiling is not a general-purpose treatment for chemical contamination. |
| Do not drink | Use commercially bottled water for drinking and cooking, as directed by officials. | This type of notice may be issued when harmful chemicals or toxins are possible. Boiling does not make chemically contaminated water safe. |
| Do not use | Do not use tap water for any purpose while the advisory is active. | Contact with the water, including through skin, lungs, or eyes, could be dangerous. |
These are U.S. CDC advisory distinctions; read the local notice for the exact steps that apply. See CDC’s overview of drinking water advisories.
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Is it safe to drink or cook with discolored water?
Not enough can be determined from color alone. CDC says a change in water’s taste, color, or smell is not necessarily a health concern, but can sometimes signal a problem. Color cannot identify a contaminant or establish that water is safe. If an advisory applies, follow it regardless of whether the water looks normal. If there is no advisory and the discoloration is unexplained, ask the utility or health department what to do before drinking it or using it to prepare food.
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Do not assume that boiling or a standard household filter will make questionable water safe. A treatment system must address the specific germs or chemicals of concern, and a poorly maintained filter can harbor germs. If officials recommend testing, ask the health department or a state-certified laboratory which test is appropriate; a generic home test or filter is not a complete safety determination. CDC’s guidance on water changes and treatment systems explains why the right response depends on the hazard.
Can you do laundry in discolored tap water?
Wait until the water runs clear before washing clothes. CDC’s advisory communication toolkit recommends washing a load of dark clothes first once it clears, which can help reveal whether discoloration remains a concern. This advice concerns visibly discolored water; it is not a blanket ban on laundry during every boil-water advisory. CDC says laundry can generally be washed as usual during a boil-water advisory, but a local notice takes precedence.
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If a do-not-use advisory is active, do not use the water for laundry or any other purpose. For other advisory types, follow the local instructions and any separate guidance about visible discoloration. The toolkit’s after-advisory advice is in the CDC Drinking Water Advisory Communication Toolbox.
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Why tap water may look brown, orange, or black
Possible contributors include corrosion, sediment in a distribution system, and material in household plumbing. Appearance is not a diagnosis: brown or orange water is not automatically rust, and color does not establish whether a contaminant is present.
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EPA’s secondary drinking-water standards table associates iron above its secondary standard of 0.3 mg/L with rusty color, sediment, metallic taste, and reddish or orange staining. It associates manganese above its secondary standard of 0.05 mg/L with black-to-brown color, black staining, and a bitter metallic taste. These are secondary standards concerning aesthetic effects, not a way to determine from color whether water is safe or unsafe. EPA also describes how corrosion of iron and copper can stain fixtures or impart metallic tastes and red or blue-green color. See EPA’s secondary drinking-water standards.
What to do after the discoloration or advisory ends
Water that looks clear does not by itself confirm that an advisory has ended or that the water is safe. Wait for the utility or health department to lift an advisory, then follow its instructions for flushing household plumbing and cleaning appliances. Do not assume one flushing duration fits every home: EPA notes that the time depends on the plumbing, service line, and outlets. Consult EPA’s customer guidance on flushing and decontamination alongside your utility’s directions.
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Public water versus a private well
If your home uses a public water system
Check your utility’s current alerts for incident-specific advice. You can also consult its annual water quality report for information about the regulated system, but that report does not replace a current advisory or explain every change at an individual tap.
If your home uses a private well
Private-well owners are responsible for arranging water testing. CDC recommends testing at least annually and considering additional testing when the water’s color, taste, or smell changes. Contact your health department or a state-certified laboratory to ask which tests fit the situation; the right test depends on what may be affecting the well. See CDC guidance on drinking water and well testing and CDC’s information about private wells.
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