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Amnesty International reported that a Balochistan human-rights lawyer received a malicious WhatsApp link in summer 2025 whose technical characteristics were consistent with an attempted Predator spyware attack. Pakistan’s Foreign Ministry denied any cooperation with Israel over spyware. The available findings do not establish that the lawyer’s phone was infected, that data was taken, or who was behind the attempt.

What Amnesty reported in Pakistan

Amnesty International’s Security Lab said a human-rights lawyer from Pakistan’s Balochistan province received a malicious link over WhatsApp from an unknown number in summer 2025. Based on the infection server’s technical behavior and the link’s one-time characteristics, which Amnesty said were consistent with previously observed Predator one-click links, the lab attributed it to a Predator attack attempt. Amnesty described this as the first reported evidence of Predator spyware being used in Pakistan. Amnesty’s technical briefing says its investigation was continuing.

The distinction between an attempt and a successful compromise matters: the reported evidence does not show that the lawyer opened the link, that the phone was infected, or that any communications or other data were collected. It also does not identify the operator. The technical attribution is to an attempted attack, not to Pakistan, Israel, or a named agency.

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Pakistan’s response and what remains disputed

At a Foreign Ministry briefing on 5 December 2025, a spokesperson called reports of Pakistani use of Israeli spyware and possible contact with Israel “media speculations” and “rumor-mongering disinformation.” The spokesperson said, “There is absolutely no cooperation between Pakistan and Israel on anything, let alone a spyware or any tools of that kind.” The ministry’s briefing transcript is the primary source for that on-record denial.

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Separately, Dawn reported that an unnamed senior intelligence officer called the report an attempt to malign Pakistan and said, “There is not an iota of truth in it.” That anonymous response is distinct from the Foreign Ministry spokesperson’s official statement.

The two accounts address different kinds of evidence: Amnesty described technical indicators associated with a targeted link, while Pakistan’s officials denied cooperation and disputed the reports. Neither source, as presented here, establishes who operated the attempted attack or whether the phone was compromised.

What the Intellexa Leaks revealed

“Intellexa Leaks” was a months-long investigation by Inside Story, Haaretz, and WAV Research Collective, with Amnesty International as technical partner. The material included leaked internal company documents, sales and marketing material, and training videos. Amnesty said it reviewed selected leaked material, compared it with earlier forensic and technical knowledge, and confirmed its authenticity with a high degree of confidence. Amnesty’s public summary quotes Security Lab technologist Jurre van Bergen calling the investigation “one of the clearest and most damning views yet into Intellexa’s internal operations and technology.”

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Amnesty describes Predator as a highly invasive mobile spyware product developed by Intellexa and sold for government use. The briefing says it has also been marketed under names including Helios, Nova, Green Arrow, and Red Arrow. The leak investigation’s broader findings about the product and company should not be mistaken for evidence that every capability was used in the Pakistan case.

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How Predator’s reported attack methods work

One-click links

In the one-click path described by Amnesty, a target must open a malicious link. The link loads a browser exploit—Chrome on Android or Safari on iOS—to gain initial access and download a spyware payload. Amnesty’s Pakistan finding concerns a link with technical characteristics consistent with this attack style; it does not establish that the link was opened or that the payload was installed.

Other delivery methods

Amnesty also described other delivery vectors. Its account of a system called Aladdin says targeted malicious mobile advertising could enable silent infection. The briefing does not identify Aladdin as the method used in the Pakistan case, so the advertising capability should not be treated as an explanation of that incident.

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Capabilities described in the briefing

Predator’s marketed capabilities reportedly include access to communications in apps such as Signal and WhatsApp, audio, email, location, screenshots, camera photos, stored passwords, contacts, and call logs, as well as microphone activation. These are product-level capabilities reported by Amnesty, not evidence that any of this lawyer’s information was accessed.

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What the leaks say about Intellexa’s access to customer systems

Amnesty said leaked materials indicated that Intellexa could remotely access customer surveillance systems in at least some instances and view logs or technical details from live operations. The organization cautioned that this does not prove Intellexa had such access for every customer or at all times. The finding therefore raises questions about vendor visibility into deployments, but does not establish what access—if any—Intellexa had in the Pakistan case.

What is established—and what is not

  • Established by Amnesty’s account: a Balochistan lawyer received a malicious WhatsApp link in summer 2025, and technical indicators were consistent with a Predator attack attempt.
  • Established by Pakistan’s official statement: the Foreign Ministry denied Pakistan-Israel cooperation involving spyware and rejected the reports as speculation and disinformation.
  • Not established in these accounts: successful infection, data collection, the identity of the operator, or a connection between the attempted attack and a particular government.
  • Broader product findings, not Pakistan-case findings: Predator’s reported surveillance features, Aladdin’s advertising-based delivery capability, and Intellexa’s remote access to some customer systems.

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