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PHPMailer can send through Gmail’s SMTP service when you use the correct server, encryption, and credential type. The reliable password-based setup is smtp.gmail.com with port 465 and implicit TLS, or port 587 with STARTTLS, authenticated with the full Gmail address and a Google app password—not the normal account password. OAuth2/XOAuth2 is the token-based alternative when app passwords are unavailable or unsuitable.
Gmail SMTP settings PHPMailer needs
These are the core values for a direct Gmail SMTP connection:
| Setting | Port 465 | Port 587 |
|---|---|---|
| SMTP host | smtp.gmail.com |
|
| Security mode | Implicit TLS (SMTPS) | Explicit TLS (STARTTLS) |
| PHPMailer encryption | PHPMailer::ENCRYPTION_SMTPS |
PHPMailer::ENCRYPTION_STARTTLS |
| SMTP authentication | true |
|
| Username | The complete Gmail address, such as your-account@gmail.com |
|
| Password credential | A Google app password for password authentication, or an OAuth2 access token | |
Port 465 negotiates TLS as soon as the connection opens. Port 587 opens an ordinary SMTP connection and upgrades it with the STARTTLS command. Do not combine port 465 with the STARTTLS constant or port 587 with the SMTPS constant.
Prerequisites and installation
- A PHP application with outbound network access to
smtp.gmail.com. - Composer, so PHPMailer and its autoloader can be installed.
- A Gmail or Google Workspace account permitted to send through Gmail SMTP.
- Either a Google app password or an OAuth2 implementation, depending on the account’s security policy.
Install PHPMailer with Composer
From the project directory, install the package:
composer require phpmailer/phpmailerComposer creates vendor/autoload.php. Load that file before creating the mailer object:
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require __DIR__ . '/vendor/autoload.php';
use PHPMailerPHPMailerPHPMailer;
use PHPMailerPHPMailerSMTP;Using the Composer autoloader avoids manually including PHPMailer class files and keeps the package dependencies consistent with the installed version. Run Composer in the same deployment artifact that contains your PHP entry point, or install the dependencies during deployment so the production server has the generated vendor directory.
Choose an authentication method
Gmail SMTP supports password authentication with an app password and token-based authentication with OAuth2. The choice is determined mainly by account policy and how your application will store and renew credentials.
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| Consideration | App password | OAuth2/XOAuth2 |
|---|---|---|
| What the application stores | A generated 16-digit app-password value | OAuth client credentials and a refresh token or access-token workflow |
| Account requirement | Google 2-Step Verification must be enabled | Consent and an OAuth client configuration are required |
| Setup effort | Usually the shortest setup: generate the value and place it in the password field | More involved because consent, token storage, refresh, and redirect configuration must be maintained |
| Revocation behavior | Revoked when the main Google Account password changes; it can also be revoked in account security settings | Tokens can be revoked independently and must be refreshed according to the OAuth flow |
| Policy compatibility | Unavailable or restricted for some work or school accounts, Advanced Protection configurations, and administrator policies | Useful when an organization disallows app passwords |
| Managed deployments | Simple for a single controlled sender, but each credential remains an account secret | Better suited to centrally managed consent and token lifecycle controls |
When an app password is appropriate
Google describes an app password as a 16-digit passcode that allows an app or device without “Sign in with Google” to access the account. It requires 2-Step Verification. Generate it in the Google Account security settings, copy it when shown, and use that value as PHPMailer’s password. Do not substitute the ordinary Gmail password.
App-password creation may not be visible for a work or school account if an administrator has disabled it. Google’s Advanced Protection and other account policies can also restrict the feature. If the option is unavailable, use OAuth2 or an administrator-approved Workspace SMTP relay instead of trying repeated ordinary-password logins.
Treat the app password as a dedicated application secret, not as a permanent replacement for interactive sign-in. Give it only to the service that needs it, keep it out of source control, and revoke it from the Google Account security page when the service is retired or ownership changes. Changing the main Google Account password also revokes existing app passwords, so a password change can require an application credential update.
When OAuth2 is the better route
OAuth2 avoids placing an account password in the SMTP configuration. Gmail SMTP supports industry-standard OAuth 2.0, and PHPMailer provides a maintained gmail_xoauth.phps example using XOAUTH2 and the League OAuth2 client integration. The PHPMailer README documents the additional Composer dependencies and support files needed by that example.
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Choose OAuth2 when app passwords are prohibited, when an organization requires user consent and token revocation, or when you already operate a secure refresh-token service. Treat the OAuth client secret and refresh token as production credentials. Request only the scopes required for sending, protect the token store, and make sure the server clock is accurate; PHPMailer’s OAuth example specifically notes that PHP’s timezone must be correct.
Configure PHPMailer with a Gmail app password
The following complete example uses port 465 and implicit TLS. Replace the account, recipient, and display name, and provide the app password through an environment variable.
<?php
use PHPMailerPHPMailerPHPMailer;
use PHPMailerPHPMailerSMTP;
require __DIR__ . '/vendor/autoload.php';
$mail = new PHPMailer(true);
$mail->isSMTP();
$mail->Host = 'smtp.gmail.com';
$mail->SMTPAuth = true;
$mail->Username = 'your-account@gmail.com';
$mail->Password = getenv('GMAIL_APP_PASSWORD');
$mail->Port = 465;
$mail->SMTPSecure = PHPMailer::ENCRYPTION_SMTPS;
$mail->setFrom('your-account@gmail.com', 'Your Name');
$mail->addAddress('recipient@example.com');
$mail->Subject = 'Test message';
$mail->Body = 'Hello from PHPMailer';
$mail->send();new PHPMailer(true) enables PHPMailer exceptions, so a failed send() can be caught by your application’s exception handling. The account in Username must be the full address, not only the part before @gmail.com. The value in GMAIL_APP_PASSWORD must be the generated app password.
For a user-facing application, wrap the send operation in a controlled try/catch block and return a generic failure message to the user. Record the exception details only in a protected server log; never display the SMTP transcript, password, token, or complete connection response in a browser.
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Some hosting networks handle submission traffic on port 587 more reliably than port 465. Change only the port and encryption setting:
$mail->Port = 587;
$mail->SMTPSecure = PHPMailer::ENCRYPTION_STARTTLS;Keep $mail->isSMTP(), $mail->SMTPAuth = true, the host, and the credentials unchanged. A firewall must allow outbound TCP traffic to the selected port. If your hosting provider blocks both ports, changing PHPMailer options cannot solve the network restriction; ask the provider to permit SMTP submission or use an administrator-approved relay.
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Set the sender and reply address safely
Gmail expects the From identity to be the authenticated account or an alias that has already been configured in Gmail. Set it explicitly:
$mail->setFrom('your-account@gmail.com', 'Your Name');Do not put a visitor-supplied address in setFrom(). Doing so can trigger Gmail policy checks, create spoofing problems, and make replies unreliable. Put the visitor’s address in addReplyTo() instead:
$mail->addReplyTo($visitorEmail, $visitorName);Validate and sanitize any address supplied by a user before passing it to PHPMailer. For a configured Gmail alias, authenticate with the account that owns the alias and use only an alias already authorized in Gmail as the sender. A mailbox that merely resembles an alias, or an address supplied by a form, is not enough authorization for the From field.
Using OAuth2/XOAuth2 with PHPMailer
OAuth2 changes the authentication stage, not the SMTP destination. Continue to use smtp.gmail.com, port 465 with implicit TLS or port 587 with STARTTLS, and the complete Gmail address as the username. Set PHPMailer’s authentication type to XOAUTH2 and provide an OAuth token provider.
- Create an OAuth client in the Google environment approved by your account or Workspace administrator.
- Configure the consent and redirect details required by that client.
- Complete consent once for the sending account and obtain a refresh token that your server can protect.
- Install the OAuth dependencies documented by PHPMailer’s maintained
gmail_xoauth.phpsexample, including the League OAuth2 client integration. - Build the token provider used by that example, set
$mail->AuthType = 'XOAUTH2', and pass the provider to PHPMailer. - Store the client secret and refresh token outside the web root and refresh access tokens without exposing them to users or logs.
Do not copy an OAuth access token into the password field as if it were an app password. OAuth2 requires the XOAUTH2 authentication mechanism and a provider that can obtain a current access token. If consent is revoked, the client configuration changes, or the refresh token is invalidated, the application must repeat the authorized consent flow.
Plan the token lifecycle before deploying. The application needs a protected place to retain the refresh token, a way to obtain a new access token when required, and an operational procedure for consent revocation or client-secret rotation. Keep the OAuth redirect configuration identical between the environment where consent is granted and the application that exchanges the authorization result. An otherwise correct PHPMailer SMTP configuration still fails if the token provider cannot refresh a valid Gmail token.
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Port 465 versus port 587
| Question | Port 465 | Port 587 |
|---|---|---|
| When TLS begins | Immediately when the SMTP connection is opened | After the server advertises STARTTLS and PHPMailer upgrades the connection |
| PHPMailer constant | ENCRYPTION_SMTPS |
ENCRYPTION_STARTTLS |
| Typical reason to choose it | Simple implicit-TLS submission when the host permits 465 | Submission traffic where the hosting firewall or provider favors 587 |
| Common configuration error | Using STARTTLS with 465 | Using SMTPS with 587, or connecting without allowing STARTTLS |
Neither port bypasses authentication or account policy. If one port times out, test DNS resolution and outbound connectivity, then try the other port with its matching encryption mode. A successful TCP connection alone does not prove that Gmail will accept the credentials. TLS protects the SMTP session, but it does not turn an unauthorized sender into an authorized Gmail identity.
Google Workspace limits and SMTP relay
Google Workspace administration documentation lists smtp.gmail.com with SSL on port 465 and TLS on port 587. It also documents a 2,000-message-per-day sending limit for the Gmail SMTP option. That figure is an operational Workspace limit, not a guarantee that every account or workload will have identical sending behavior.
| Deployment need | Direct Gmail SMTP | Workspace SMTP relay |
|---|---|---|
| Administration | Configured in each application with a Gmail identity | Configured centrally by Workspace administrators |
| Sender management | Usually tied to the authenticated account or its configured aliases | Can centralize rules for approved applications and senders |
| Volume and policy | Subject to Gmail SMTP account limits, including the documented 2,000-message-per-day Workspace figure | Uses the organization’s relay policy and Google’s current sending requirements |
| Best fit | Low-volume application mail from one controlled account | Multiple applications, centralized governance, or an organization that does not want app passwords in each application |
Before launching a higher-volume or multi-sender system, have the Workspace administrator evaluate SMTP relay and Google’s current sending policies. Do not assume that switching libraries or changing ports raises Gmail’s operational limits. A relay can also simplify centralized sender approval and credential policy, but it remains an administrator-managed service with its own configuration and usage requirements.
Test the integration without exposing credentials
Start with one controlled recipient, a plain-text subject and body, and a sender that exactly matches the authenticated account. This isolates SMTP authentication from template, attachment, and recipient-list problems. Once a test succeeds, add HTML, attachments, and additional recipients one change at a time.
Keep the first test outside a public form so a visitor cannot trigger arbitrary outbound messages. Confirm that the application receives a successful result from send(), then verify delivery and the visible From and Reply-To values in the recipient mailbox. A successful SMTP submission means Gmail accepted the message for processing; it does not by itself guarantee inbox placement.
Troubleshoot a rejected PHPMailer connection
- Check DNS and network access. Confirm that the server resolves
smtp.gmail.comand can make outbound TCP connections to port 465 or 587. A timeout before authentication points to DNS, firewall, routing, or hosting restrictions rather than a bad password. - Match the port and encryption. Use 465 with
ENCRYPTION_SMTPS, or 587 withENCRYPTION_STARTTLS. A mismatch commonly causes a TLS handshake or protocol error. - Verify the username format. Use the complete Gmail address, including the domain. A local-part-only username is not the documented Gmail SMTP format.
- Check the credential type. For password authentication, confirm that 2-Step Verification is enabled and generate a fresh app password. The ordinary Google Account password is not the replacement for an app password in this workflow.
- Check account policy. If app-password settings are missing, ask whether a Workspace administrator, Advanced Protection, or another account policy blocks them. Move to OAuth2 or an approved relay rather than weakening account security.
- Inspect OAuth configuration. For XOAUTH2, verify consent, client ID and secret, redirect settings, refresh-token storage, token freshness, and server time zone. An incorrect clock can make otherwise valid tokens fail.
- Verify the sender identity. Make sure
setFrom()uses the authenticated account or a Gmail-configured alias. Put external or visitor addresses inaddReplyTo(). - Enable temporary protocol logging. During diagnosis, set
$mail->SMTPDebug = SMTP::DEBUG_SERVER;and review the SMTP conversation in a protected development log. Turn it off in production because debug output can expose connection details and sensitive responses.
What common Gmail SMTP codes mean
| Code | Likely interpretation | First action |
|---|---|---|
| 535 | Username or password authentication was rejected | Check the full username, use a newly generated app password, or verify the XOAUTH2 token flow |
| 534 | An application-specific password may be required | Enable 2-Step Verification and create an app password if policy allows it |
| 504 | The requested authentication type is unsupported | Check whether the PHPMailer authentication mode matches the chosen credential method; use XOAUTH2 for OAuth tokens |
Error codes are clues rather than a substitute for checking the preceding network, TLS, identity, and policy steps. A 535 response after a successful TLS handshake usually means Gmail reached the authentication stage and rejected the supplied identity or credential. A 504 after placing an access token in Password usually points to selecting ordinary password authentication instead of configuring XOAUTH2.
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Protect credentials in production
- Read the app password from a secret manager or environment variable such as
GMAIL_APP_PASSWORD; do not commit it to source control. - Do not place credentials in a downloadable configuration file or inside a publicly served directory.
- Restrict access to OAuth client secrets and refresh tokens as tightly as database credentials.
- Do not log passwords, refresh tokens, authorization headers, or complete SMTP debug conversations in production.
- Rotate or revoke an app password when the application is retired, the account is transferred, or the main Google Account password changes.
- Use a dedicated sending identity when organizational policy calls for separation from a person’s interactive mailbox.
- Keep the authenticated account,
setFrom()value, and any configured alias documented so a future change does not silently produce sender-rejection errors.
Minimal pre-launch checklist
vendor/autoload.phploads successfully on the production server.smtp.gmail.comresolves from the server.- The selected outbound port is allowed by the host or firewall.
- 465 uses implicit SMTPS, or 587 uses STARTTLS.
- The username is the full Gmail address.
- Password authentication uses a 16-digit app password, never the ordinary account password.
- OAuth2 deployments have working consent, refresh-token storage, and accurate server time.
- The From address is the authenticated account or a configured Gmail alias.
- Visitor addresses are assigned to Reply-To.
- SMTP debugging is disabled after diagnosis.
- Workspace volume, sender, and relay policies have been reviewed before sending at scale.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are Gmail’s SMTP settings for PHPMailer?
Use smtp.gmail.com with SMTP authentication. Choose port 465 with PHPMailer::ENCRYPTION_SMTPS for implicit TLS, or port 587 with PHPMailer::ENCRYPTION_STARTTLS for explicit STARTTLS. The username is the complete Gmail address.
Can I use my normal Gmail password?
Not for this password-based setup. Enable 2-Step Verification, create a Google app password, and place that 16-digit value in PHPMailer’s password field. Account policy may require OAuth2 instead.
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Check that the username includes the full address, the port and encryption mode match, and the password is a current app password rather than the ordinary account password. Error 535 commonly indicates rejected credentials, while 534 can indicate that an app password is required.
Should I use port 465 or 587?
Both are supported. Port 465 uses implicit TLS from connection start; port 587 upgrades the connection with STARTTLS. Use the port your hosting firewall permits, but always pair it with the matching PHPMailer encryption constant.
When should I choose OAuth2 instead of an app password?
Choose OAuth2 when app passwords are disabled by a work or school administrator, restricted by Advanced Protection or another policy, or when your organization requires consent-based token management. PHPMailer uses the XOAUTH2 authentication type and a token provider.
What should I put in setFrom() when a contact form sends mail?
Use the authenticated Gmail account or a Gmail-configured alias. Put the visitor’s validated address in addReplyTo(); do not use an arbitrary visitor address as the From identity.
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Google Workspace administration documentation lists a 2,000-message-per-day limit for the Gmail SMTP option. Higher-volume or multi-sender deployments should be reviewed with an administrator for SMTP relay and current sending policies.
How do I debug PHPMailer without leaking secrets?
Temporarily set $mail->SMTPDebug = SMTP::DEBUG_SERVER; in a protected development environment, inspect the SMTP conversation, and disable debugging in production. Never expose the transcript, passwords, refresh tokens, or authorization data to users or public logs.
The Bottom Line
Install PHPMailer with Composer, connect to smtp.gmail.com, and match the TLS mode to the port: 465 with ENCRYPTION_SMTPS or 587 with ENCRYPTION_STARTTLS. Authenticate with the full Gmail address and a 16-digit app password, or configure PHPMailer’s XOAUTH2 flow when policy requires OAuth2. Keep the sender aligned with the authenticated account or a configured alias, put visitor addresses in Reply-To, protect every credential, and review Workspace limits or SMTP relay before scaling.
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