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Start with the bank’s latest annual and interim reports, then check exchange and regulator disclosures. Track credit quality, provisions, capital, liquidity, funding costs and earnings across several reporting periods before comparing valuation or dividends. First identify the exact bank, ticker, exchange and share class: this is a research method, not a recommendation to buy any particular security.
Identify the exact security you are researching
“A Chinese bank stock” can refer to different banks and share classes. Before opening a valuation chart, record the bank’s legal name, ticker, exchange, share class, trading currency and the reporting period you will assess. Also establish your own jurisdiction and whether the security is accessible through your account; the applicable access rules depend on those details.
Do not treat A-shares and H-shares as interchangeable. Their trading venue, currency, price and investor access can differ. Keep the share class consistent when you compare prices, valuation and shareholder returns.
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Use the issuer’s latest annual report, latest interim report and subsequent quarterly or material announcements. Note each document’s publication date and reporting period, and compare the same definitions over time. The CSRC’s 2008 Compilation Rules No. 26 for commercial-bank disclosures provide a useful checklist: they call for multi-year data on assets, liabilities, deposits, loans, interbank borrowings, capital, risk-weighted assets and loan-loss reserves, as well as bank-specific risk and performance indicators.
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Get reports from the issuer and the relevant exchange or regulator. Bank of China’s financial-reports archive is one example of an issuer site that catalogs annual, interim and quarterly reports by date; it is a filing-location example, not an endorsement of that bank.
As you read, build a time series rather than relying on a single year-end snapshot. Capture the reporting period, definition and unit for every measure; a ratio is difficult to interpret if its numerator, denominator or date changes between reports.
Test asset quality, not just the reported NPL ratio
Review both the non-performing loan (NPL) balance and NPL ratio over several years and quarters. Then look for evidence of loans moving toward greater risk before they become NPLs: classification migration, restructured loans, write-offs and recoveries. A low NPL ratio alone does not establish that credit risk is low; loan growth, classification timing, restructuring, write-offs and borrower mix all affect what it says.
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Check where credit risk is concentrated
Use the bank’s disclosures on industry and geographic loan distribution, major borrowers, credit exposure, collateral and recovered assets where available. Concentration matters because a portfolio-wide ratio can conceal a sizable exposure to a particular borrower, sector or region. The CSRC rules call for disclosure on credit-risk exposure, asset classification, NPL analysis, restructuring and geographic and industrial distribution.
Read provisions alongside loan losses
Compare loan-loss reserves and provisioning coverage with NPLs and loans, but interpret them together with loan mix, write-offs and classification policies. Coverage is one part of the loss-absorption picture, not a standalone verdict on whether provisions are adequate.
Assess capital and liquidity as separate safeguards
Capital absorbs losses; liquidity concerns the bank’s ability to meet funding needs as they arise. Review the bank’s capital adequacy and capital composition, along with risk-weighted assets, their trend and any disclosed capital issuance or distributions. Consider the bank’s stated objectives and the applicable rules rather than treating one capital ratio as the whole assessment.
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For liquidity, read the reported measures alongside the maturity structure of assets and liabilities, the bank’s funding strategy and its explanation of how it manages maturity matching. The CSRC disclosure rules call for liquidity indicators and discussion of structural matching, liquidity drivers and management strategy. These disclosures address a different risk from capital adequacy, so do not use one as a substitute for the other.
Understand how the bank earns money
Examine interest income and expense, net interest margin, average loan yields, deposit costs and the mix of deposit types. The CSRC rules call for average balances and rates for loan and deposit categories, which can help you understand how lending returns compare with funding costs. Track those measures across reporting periods: a change in interest rates can affect asset yields and deposit costs differently.
Also review fee income, operating expenses and credit-loss charges. The rules call for cost-income information and disclosures about wealth management, agency, custody and other businesses. These help show whether earnings depend mainly on lending or on other sources, and how much operating expense absorbs revenue.
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Read management’s rate-sensitivity and market-risk discussion where available. The disclosure rules call for discussion of sensitivity to interest rates, exchange rates, stock prices and other prices. Use that discussion to assess how exposed earnings may be to market changes; do not assume that a current margin or yield will persist unchanged.
Compare valuation and dividends with context
Use price-to-earnings (P/E) to relate share price to earnings, price-to-book (P/B) to relate it to book value, and dividend yield to relate dividends to share price. Compare these measures with the bank’s own history and genuinely comparable peers, using aligned reporting periods and definitions. A ratio is a reference point: investigate the earnings or book-value quality behind it and the bank’s prospects before drawing a conclusion. CSRC investor guidance likewise presents these measures as useful indicators to consider alongside fundamentals, market conditions and prospects.
Do not read a high dividend yield as proof of a sustainable payout. It may reflect a falling share price or expectations of a reduced dividend. Check the payout against earnings, capital needs, regulatory constraints, the bank’s dividend policy and its payout history. Dividends are only one part of shareholder return.
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Use sector figures as backdrop, not as a proxy for the bank
Regulator aggregates can describe broad sector conditions, but they do not establish the position of an individual bank. NFRA’s banking-sector statistics for 2026 Q2 reported the following commercial-bank measures:
| Sector measure | NFRA-reported 2026 Q2 value |
|---|---|
| Non-performing loan ratio | 1.52% |
| Capital adequacy ratio | 15.26% |
| Liquidity coverage ratio | 148.53% |
| Net stable funding ratio | 128.13% |
These are sector-level aggregates, not figures for every bank. Use the issuer’s filings for the bank-specific comparison, and check the regulator release’s publication date and definitions before relying on a figure.
Compare banks on matched evidence
If you are weighing more than one bank, align reporting periods, share classes and definitions before comparing them. A practical comparison should cover:
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- Provisions, write-offs and capacity to absorb losses.
- Capital composition, capital adequacy and liquidity.
- Funding mix, deposit costs, lending yields and interest-rate sensitivity.
- Earnings mix, operating efficiency and profitability.
- Valuation relative to earnings and book value, plus dividend sustainability.
- Share class, currency, trading venue and access considerations for your jurisdiction.
Differences in a ratio may reflect different definitions, loan mixes or reporting dates, not necessarily a meaningful difference in risk or quality. Resolve those differences before ranking the banks.
Turn the review into an investment decision
Write down what the filings establish, what remains uncertain and which assumptions drive your view. A useful conclusion should connect the bank’s credit risks and loss buffers to its capital, liquidity, funding economics, earnings and valuation—not rely on one attractive ratio. If you cannot explain a material change in a key measure from one reporting period to the next, investigate it before treating your comparison as complete.
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