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When smoke or particle haze is outside, reduce what enters your home, filter the air where people spend time, and avoid adding particles indoors. Close windows and doors when it is safe to stay inside, use compatible HVAC filtration or a correctly sized portable air cleaner, and move to a cleaner-air location if you cannot keep the home both cool and safe.

What to do first when outdoor air quality is poor

  1. Check local conditions. Look up your area using AirNow, your state or local air agency, or local alerts. Conditions can change quickly, so use the current reading rather than a fixed AQI threshold.
  2. Limit outdoor air entering the home. Close windows and exterior doors when it is safe to remain indoors. If your heating or cooling system has an outdoor-air intake, switch it to recirculation or close the intake during smoky periods, if the system allows it. EPA guidance covers emergency indoor air quality and smoke-related questions.
  3. Filter indoor air. Run a compatible forced-air HVAC fan with an efficient filter, and/or run a portable air cleaner sized for the room. Details on choosing each are below.
  4. Reduce indoor particle sources. Pause activities that add smoke, aerosols, or cooking particles until outdoor air improves.
  5. Reassess heat and safety. If the home becomes too hot or cannot be protected adequately with windows closed, go to a cleaner-air location. Keep doors and exits usable.

Choose a filtration option that fits your home

Particle filtration can reduce fine particles indoors, but it is not a universal haze remover: a particle filter should not be assumed to remove every gas, chemical, or odor. The best approach depends on your equipment and the room you need to protect.

Option Best fit What to check
Portable air cleaner One room, a home without forced-air HVAC, or an additional layer alongside HVAC filtration Smoke CADR for the room, ozone emissions or certification, noise, and replacement-filter needs
HVAC filter A home with compatible forced-air heating or cooling and a fan that can run MERV 13 or the highest rating the system accommodates; correct fit and airflow
DIY box-fan cleaner A temporary or lower-cost option when a commercial cleaner is unavailable or unaffordable Construction quality and performance vary; it is not EPA’s preferred permanent substitute for a tested commercial cleaner when one is available and affordable
Cleaner-air location The home cannot be kept cool or adequately protected Whether you can reach and remain in a safer place without creating other risks

How to use a portable air cleaner for smoke

Size it by smoke CADR and room area

Check the cleaner’s smoke clean air delivery rate (CADR), then compare it with the area of the room where it will run. EPA’s current cleaner-air-room guidance recommends a smoke CADR of at least two-thirds of the room area in square feet. For example, a 150-square-foot room calls for a smoke CADR of at least 100 (150 × 2/3). EPA states this sizing criterion in its indoor air filtration fact sheet and cleaner-air-room guidance.

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Check ozone and placement

Choose a unit that emits little or no ozone; EPA recommends CARB-certified cleaners as a way to identify cleaners meeting California’s ozone-emission limits. Place the cleaner in the room people use most, follow the manufacturer’s clearance and operating instructions, and run it continuously during smoky conditions when safe. A unit sized for one room does not guarantee equivalent cleaning throughout an entire home.

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How to use forced-air HVAC filtration

If your home has forced-air heating or cooling, EPA advises using a MERV 13 filter or the highest efficiency your system can accommodate. The filter should fit properly so air does not bypass it. Run the fan as often as practical during smoky conditions, and use recirculation or close the outdoor-air intake if that control is available.

MERV 13 is not suitable for every system: a more restrictive filter can affect airflow when equipment is not designed for it. Check the HVAC manufacturer’s instructions or ask an HVAC professional if you are unsure what rating and fan operation your system supports. EPA’s emergency indoor-air guidance provides the relevant recommendations.

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Can a box fan and filter help?

A box fan fitted with high-efficiency filters can be a temporary or lower-cost particle-filtration option, but its effectiveness depends on how it is built and used. EPA prefers commercial air cleaners with known performance when those are available and affordable. If you use a DIY unit, follow current safety and construction guidance from a reliable source, keep it stable and unobstructed, and do not treat it as a tested equivalent to a commercial cleaner. EPA discusses DIY and commercial filtration in its filtration fact sheet and cleaner-air-room guidance.

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Stop adding particles indoors

While outdoor air is smoky, avoid indoor activities that create particles. EPA’s smoke exposure FAQ and current smoke guidance advise avoiding:

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  • 𝐒𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐏𝐌𝟐.𝟓 𝐀𝐐𝐈 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐲 & 𝐀𝐮𝐭𝐨 𝐌𝐨𝐝𝐞: Built-in high-precision PM2.5 air quality sensor, real-time monitoring and digital display of indoor air quality. In Auto Mode, the purifier automatically ramps up to higher speed the moment it detects incoming wildfire smoke or household odors, ensuring no-hassle, round-the-clock purification.
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  • Smoking or vaping
  • Burning candles or incense, or using fireplaces and wood-burning stoves
  • Aerosol sprays
  • High-particle cooking, such as frying or broiling
  • Vacuuming unless the vacuum has a HEPA filter

Balance smoke protection with staying cool

Closing windows helps limit smoke entry, but an overheated home can also be unsafe. Use air conditioning or fans that do not pull smoky outdoor air inside, if available. If you need to open windows to cool the home, EPA advises using cooler periods where possible; close them once the indoor temperature is manageable, then filter the indoor air.

If you cannot keep the home cool with openings closed, seek another location with cleaner air rather than enduring unsafe heat. Do not block exits or make a cleaner-air room difficult to leave. EPA explains this trade-off in its cleaner-air-room guidance and smoke exposure recommendations.

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What indoor particle levels can you expect?

During wildfire smoke events, indoor PM2.5 has generally been around 55% to 60% of outdoor levels in studies of homes with doors and windows closed and no portable air cleaners in use, according to the U.S. EPA’s page accessed in 2026. EPA notes that results vary substantially by home, with reported indoor levels ranging approximately from 30% to 100% of outdoor levels. These figures describe observed conditions, not a prediction or guarantee for an individual home. See EPA’s Strategies to Reduce Exposure Indoors.

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When outdoor air improves

Once local air quality has improved, air out the home to clear remaining smoky air, consistent with EPA guidance. Check local conditions first, then open windows when the outdoor air is suitable.

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If you have to go outside

Filtration inside the home does not protect you while you are outdoors. If outdoor exposure cannot be avoided during smoke, EPA advises wearing a properly fitted NIOSH-approved N95 respirator for particle exposure. Follow the respirator’s fit and use instructions; it does not remove haze from the home.

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