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Community air monitors can help you see how pollution changes from place to place and over short periods. Their readings are supplemental—not automatically equivalent to regulatory monitoring, official AQI, or a measure of your personal exposure. To interpret a number, first identify what was measured, in what units, over what time, and where; then consider the sensor’s conditions and data processing.

What a community monitor reading can—and cannot—tell you

A community sensor can reveal local patterns that a more distant monitor may not capture. It may show that readings near one location rise while a nearby location remains steadier, or help track short-term changes at the sensor’s site. That context can be useful, particularly where regulatory monitors are sparse or conditions change quickly.

But most low-cost sensors do not meet the data-quality standards of monitors that report to AirNow. Their readings should not be treated as regulatory measurements or as a diagnosis of what an individual breathed. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) explains the distinction in its Air Quality Index and Sensors guidance.

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For air-quality and health information, EPA recommends AirNow. A community monitor can add neighborhood context, but it is not a substitute for official AQI guidance.

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Read the measurement before interpreting the number

A displayed value is meaningful only with its measurement details. Check these items before comparing it with another sensor, a nearby monitor, or a published threshold:

  • Pollutant: Confirm which pollutant the device measures. A sensor may measure particulate matter or other pollutants, and capability varies by design. A reading for one pollutant does not describe overall air quality.
  • Unit: Note the unit shown. Values expressed in different units cannot be compared directly without a valid conversion.
  • Averaging interval: A one-minute reading is a snapshot for that place and time. It is not automatically comparable with a value averaged over a longer period.
  • Timestamp and location: Check when the measurement was recorded and where the sensor is installed. Nearby sources, sensor height, and placement can affect what it detects.
  • Processing: Find out whether the displayed data are raw, quality-checked, or corrected, and how any correction was applied.
  • Completeness: Look for gaps or irregular reporting that could affect a trend or comparison.

EPA cautions that out-of-the-box sensor data may not be comparable with regulatory-monitor data and may need quality checks and correction. Its Understanding Air Sensor Data page, last updated February 26, 2026, describes data-management considerations. A color on a sensor app or map should not be read as an official AQI category unless the underlying data and calculation method support that comparison.

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Accuracy, precision, and why readings can disagree

Accuracy describes how close a reading is to what is actually in the air. Precision describes how consistently the instrument repeats a measurement. A sensor can produce very consistent readings that are nevertheless systematically too high or too low. Consistency by itself does not establish accuracy.

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Readings can also differ because devices measure different pollutants, use different designs, occupy different locations, report different averaging intervals, or apply different data processing. Environmental conditions and operation matter too. EPA identifies temperature, relative humidity, placement, time in use, processing methods, and the presence of multiple contaminants as factors that can affect sensor performance. Some sensors also need protection from weather. See EPA’s Frequent Questions About Air Sensors and Low-Cost Air Pollution Monitors and Indoor Air Quality guidance.

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What to do when a reading spikes

A sudden change is a reason to check the data, not enough by itself to identify a cause. Work through the available evidence:

  1. Check whether the change lasts. Compare the point with readings before and after it, using the same pollutant and time basis.
  2. Look for a broader signal. See whether nearby sensors or an appropriate reference measurement show a similar change. Different sites may still vary because their locations and instruments differ.
  3. Review local conditions. Consider temperature, humidity, weather exposure, nearby sources, and any changes in sensor placement.
  4. Check the instrument and data record. Look for gaps, time in use, device-specific quality information, and whether the displayed series has been corrected.

Sensors can produce questionable individual points or show a systematic high or low bias. Without the device details and underlying data, it is not possible to diagnose the cause of a particular spike reliably.

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How to interpret a disagreement with AirNow

AirNow and a community sensor may differ without either number being a direct contradiction of the other. They may use instruments with different data-quality status, be located in different places, report different averaging periods, or apply different checks and corrections. They also serve different purposes: AirNow provides official AQI and health information, while a low-cost sensor may offer supplemental local context.

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Some sensor data displayed alongside regulatory information have received additional processing. EPA and the U.S. Forest Service apply quality-control checks and an extended U.S.-wide correction equation to selected PurpleAir readings on the Fire and Smoke Map. That does not mean every PurpleAir reading—or every sensor reading on another website—has received the same processing. EPA’s data guidance explains why checks and correction matter.

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How to evaluate a monitor or a community study

For a sensor intended to inform a community project, evaluate evidence for the specific application rather than relying on its price or a general label such as “accurate.” EPA’s Enhanced Air Sensor Guidebook, refreshed in 2022, covers planning and interpreting air-sensor studies. Before deployment or comparison, consider:

  • Which pollutant the sensor detects and whether that capability fits the question.
  • Whether the device is intended for indoor or outdoor use, and whether it is protected appropriately from weather.
  • Its unit, reporting interval, data access, and how readings are processed.
  • Placement, height, nearby sources, operating history, and the completeness of the data.
  • Performance evidence for the intended conditions and use—not merely for a different setting.
  • Whether the goal is supplemental neighborhood information or regulatory and health decision support.

A useful way to characterize performance is collocation: operating a sensor near a reference monitor so both measure under shared conditions. EPA provides a collocation instruction guide and an analysis tool for comparing sensor and regulatory-monitor data, including measurements with different reporting intervals. Collocation can show how a sensor performed in the tested conditions; it does not guarantee equivalent accuracy in every location or season. EPA’s resources on quality assurance for air sensors can help a project plan checks before readings are collected.

When choosing a device, price alone does not establish performance. Check its pollutant coverage, intended setting, performance evidence, weather protection, data access, and processing approach. EPA notes that widely accepted indoor criteria do not exist for most low-cost monitors, so a displayed value should not automatically be treated as a formal indoor-air assessment.

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