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Start with the company’s latest annual proxy statement, usually filed with the SEC as DEF 14A. Find its Summary Compensation Table (SCT) for the top-level reported figures, then read the Compensation Discussion and Analysis (CD&A), award tables, and footnotes to understand what those figures mean. An SCT total is not necessarily cash received or the value an executive ultimately realized.
Find the company’s annual proxy statement
- Open the SEC’s company filings search and search for the issuer.
- Look for its latest definitive proxy statement, generally labeled DEF 14A. The SEC says the annual proxy is “The easiest place to look up information on executive pay,” according to its Executive Compensation investor guidance.
- Open the filing and use its table of contents or your browser’s find function to search for “Summary Compensation Table,” “Compensation Discussion and Analysis,” or “Pay Versus Performance.” Filing layouts and page numbers vary by company.
A Form 10-K, registration statement, or Form 8-K may also contain compensation-related information, but a 10-K may refer readers to the proxy instead of repeating the full disclosure. The proxy is generally the most direct place to begin.
Confirm the fiscal year and executives covered
Before comparing figures, check the table heading, fiscal-year labels, named executive officers, and footnotes. The SEC’s investor guidance describes the SCT as covering the CEO, CFO, and three other most highly compensated executive officers for the past three fiscal years. The names and reporting periods in a particular filing depend on the issuer and its disclosures.
Do not assume a company’s fiscal year matches the calendar year. For example, Oracle’s 2026 proxy says its fiscal 2026 ran from June 1, 2025, through May 31, 2026. Confirm the period in each filing rather than comparing tables solely by the year in the document title.
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Read the Summary Compensation Table as a reported measure
The SCT is the main summary of compensation for the named executives. It presents categories such as salary and equity award values, along with a reported total. The SEC describes it as the cornerstone of required executive compensation disclosure, but the total should not automatically be read as cash paid or take-home pay.
Stock and option amounts in the SCT can be values recognized under financial-reporting conventions, while pension-related amounts can reflect actuarial changes. Those measures answer different questions from cash received or the value of awards that later vest. Read the column labels and related footnotes before describing a number.
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Use each disclosure for the question it answers
| Disclosure | What it helps you understand | How to interpret it |
|---|---|---|
| Summary Compensation Table | Top-level reported compensation categories and totals for named executives. | A summary measure, not necessarily cash received or realized value. |
| Compensation Discussion and Analysis (CD&A) | The company’s explanation of its compensation program, objectives, incentive design, and decision criteria. | It reports the company’s explanation; it does not by itself prove that pay caused business results. |
| Grants of Plan-Based Awards and equity tables | Awards made, equity remaining outstanding, and—in a separate table—stock vested or options exercised. | Grant, accounting value, unvested award, and realized or vested value are distinct measures. Use the period labels and footnotes. |
| Pension, deferred compensation, and termination disclosures | Pension plans, deferred compensation, employment arrangements, and potential payments at termination or a change in control. | Check the specific table and its notes; these disclosures cover different arrangements and payment conditions. |
| Pay Versus Performance | A prescribed comparison of compensation measures with specified company and peer performance measures. | Its “executive compensation actually paid” measure is defined for this disclosure; it is not interchangeable with the SCT total or cash received. |
| CEO pay ratio | A separate pay-ratio disclosure in the proxy. | It provides context but does not replace the SCT or itemize the CEO’s compensation components. |
Read Pay Versus Performance separately
Pay Versus Performance is a separate disclosure under Item 402(v), not a revised version of the SCT. The SEC fact sheet describes a table that includes SCT total compensation and the prescribed “executive compensation actually paid” measure for the principal executive officer, plus an average for other named executive officers. It also includes registrant and peer-group total shareholder return (TSR), registrant net income, and a company-selected financial measure.
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The SEC’s 2022 fact sheet describes the fully phased-in table as covering the five most recently completed fiscal years and says compliance begins for relevant statements covering fiscal years ending on or after December 16, 2022. The stated requirements exclude foreign private issuers, registered investment companies, and emerging growth companies; smaller reporting companies may use scaled disclosures and have scaled transition requirements. Check the current rule and the issuer’s status before drawing a legal or compliance conclusion.
Compare companies on a like-for-like basis
- Use the same fiscal years and the same measure: SCT total against SCT total, or prescribed compensation actually paid against the same measure.
- Compare equivalent roles and officer scope; do not treat one company’s CEO figure as directly comparable to another company’s broader executive group.
- Separate grant and accounting values from outstanding awards, vesting, and realized outcomes.
- Read the pay mix, performance period, company-selected measures, peer group, explanations, and footnotes. Pay Versus Performance choices can be issuer-specific.
Use the filing’s own navigation and notes
Oracle’s DEF 14A published September 25, 2026, illustrates how a proxy can sequence its executive-compensation disclosures: CD&A, fiscal-year SCT, plan-based awards, outstanding equity, options exercised and stock vested, deferred compensation, potential termination or change-in-control payments, CEO pay ratio, and Pay Versus Performance. Its contents are a useful example of what to search for, not a universal page map. Follow the labels and cross-references in the filing you are reading.
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Sources: SEC investor guidance, Executive Compensation; SEC staff interpretations, Compliance and Disclosure Interpretations: Regulation S-K; SEC fact sheet, Pay Versus Performance; Oracle 2026 proxy, DEF 14A filed September 25, 2026.
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