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Logging out of an AI tool does not prove its access tokens are invalid. After an incident, identify every affected user and non-human identity, preserve relevant evidence, revoke or disable exposed credentials through the issuing identity provider or connected service, and verify the result. Then compare each integration’s effective permissions with its approved purpose and investigate what those permissions were used to do.
What should an access audit cover?
Start with the identities and credentials that can reach the AI tool or its connected services—not just the employee account used to sign in. Include user-consented integrations as well as centrally configured connections. Depending on the setup, that may mean OAuth grants, API keys, AI-agent credentials, service-account tokens, and other credentials.
For each connection, identify the AI service, connected application, identity provider, affected users or agents, credential type and issuer, owner, and affected tenant or resources where that information is available. The Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) recommends inventorying non-human identities and managing them through identity governance, alongside periodic reviews of OAuth grants.
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Why is logging out not enough?
An access token or associated refresh token may remain valid after the authentication session ends. NIST’s Digital Identity Guidelines, SP 800-63-4, discuss this distinction; NIST IR 8587, published in September 2026, addresses token and assertion protection across single sign-on, federation, and API access.
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Browser logout, ending an AI conversation, or terminating a login session should therefore not be treated as confirmation that a credential was revoked. Revoke or disable the credential using the relevant issuer’s or application’s controls, and verify its post-revocation status using approved procedures. Exact controls and behavior vary by provider and integration.
How do you contain an exposed credential?
- Scope the affected connection. Identify the AI service, connected applications, identity provider, affected users, agents, service accounts, OAuth grants, API keys, and other credentials. Record owners and affected tenants or resources when available.
- Preserve evidence when the response permits. Capture relevant grant details, timestamps, identity and application logs, AI-tool activity, and the available permission state. If immediate containment must take priority, do not delay it to collect evidence; record what could not be preserved.
- Revoke or disable affected credentials. Use the issuer’s or connected service’s controls. If a secret was exposed, rotate it as appropriate. Procedures differ by product, so confirm which credential or grant each action actually affects.
- Verify the outcome. Check the provider’s available status or use an approved test to confirm that the credential no longer works as intended. Do not infer success from a logout message or a closed session.
- Record the containment action. Note what was disabled or rotated, when, by whom, and what verification was performed. Track any credential or connection that could not be confirmed as contained.
How do you audit effective permissions?
For every affected identity and integration, compare the access that was actually granted with the documented task the connection is supposed to perform. A requested scope is not by itself proof of the complete effective access: also review reachable resources, the connected account’s authority, and any ability to perform privileged actions or delegate access to another tool.
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- Identity and owner: Which user, agent, service account, or other identity acts through the connection, and who is responsible for it?
- Application and purpose: Which AI tool and connected application are involved, and what approved task requires the connection?
- Scopes and resources: What scopes were requested and granted, and which mailboxes, folders, projects, files, or other resources can the connection reach?
- Capabilities: Is access read-only or can it create, change, delete, send, or administer? Can it invoke privileged functions or expand permissions?
- Approval and necessity: Who approved the access, and is each permission still necessary for the stated task?
Remove grants that are no longer justified and restrict privileged access to specifically authorized roles. NIST SP 800-171 Revision 3 calls for reviewing privileges by role or user class and reassigning or removing them as necessary. For AI agents, OWASP guidance recommends per-tool and per-operation allowlists and authorization enforced by the backend, rather than relying only on the agent to follow a policy.
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Correlate the evidence available from the identity provider, AI product, connected SaaS applications, and relevant infrastructure. Check for token issuance and use, new or changed grants, privileged-function execution, sensitive-resource access, unexpected writes, and activity outside the approved task. NIST SP 800-171 Revision 3 calls for logging privileged-function execution; OWASP AI guidance recommends recording the effective permission state for each action.
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Log names, coverage, and retention depend on the products in use. Check locally which events are actually available and what time range they cover. If a system does not expose relevant activity, document that as an evidence gap; missing logs do not establish that no action occurred.
How should you compare several integrations?
Use the same criteria for each connection so that a broad grant is not overlooked merely because it belongs to a familiar app. The CSA’s example distinguishes a read-only grant to one project folder from access to an entire mailbox, calendar, and drive.
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| Compare | Record or verify |
|---|---|
| Credential and issuer | Whether the connection uses an OAuth grant, API key, agent credential, service-account token, or another credential, and which provider issues or controls it. |
| Lifetime and revocation | Known expiration or refresh behavior, the control used to revoke or disable it, and how the result was verified. |
| Scope and resources | Requested and granted scopes, resource boundaries, and the sensitivity and number of reachable resources. |
| Operations | Read, write, administrative, privileged, and delegation capabilities. |
| Ownership and approval | Responsible owner, approved purpose, and whether the current access still supports that purpose. |
| Evidence | Available identity, application, AI-tool, and infrastructure logs, including their coverage and retention. |
How do you prevent abandoned or excessive access from persisting?
Maintain an inventory that ties each user or agent to an owner, application, scopes, resource set, approval, and known usage or expiry information. Bring OAuth grants and non-human credentials into regular access reviews, and define specific events that trigger review or revocation.
- Employee departure or change of role.
- Vendor deprecation or a change in the connected service.
- A defined period without authenticated use.
- A change in the AI tool’s task that makes existing scopes unnecessary.
CSA also recommends reviewing vendors’ token-storage and access-control practices, as well as the scopes requested by an integration. Use the review to reduce permissions to what the approved task requires, rather than treating the original consent as permanent authorization.
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