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Local revenue options affect how much money schools can raise, which communities can raise it, and how reliably it arrives. Property taxes are a major part of school funding, but their impact depends on state aid, local tax rules, district needs, and the formula that distributes revenue—not on the property-tax rate alone.
Where does school funding come from?
Public schools receive money from federal, state, and local sources. In the 2022–23 school year, those sources accounted for 12.9%, 45.1%, and 42.0% of U.S. public-school revenue, respectively, according to the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) Digest table. These percentages describe national revenue shares for that school year; they should not be read as 2023–24 figures.
“Local revenue” is broader than property taxes. NCES’s revenue-source glossary includes local nonproperty taxes, investment income, fees and receipts from student activities and food service, and revenue from intermediate sources. Tax type and government level do not always line up neatly: state and local rules determine which government collects a particular tax and how its proceeds are handled.
How much of school funding comes from property taxes?
For the 2022–23 school year, local property taxes made up 33.2% of total U.S. public-school revenue, according to the NCES Digest table. An earlier NCES indicator found that property taxes supplied $318 billion, or 81% of local public-school revenue, in 2019–20. That report also showed substantial variation among states; Hawaii’s single school district received no property-tax funding. The 2019–20 figures are from NCES’s indicator on public-school revenue sources, published in 2023.
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These measures use different denominators and school years: 33.2% is property-tax revenue as a share of all revenue in 2022–23, while 81% is its share of local revenue in 2019–20. They are not competing estimates of the same figure. NCES’s April 2026 First Look report page covers 2023–24 revenue and expenditures by source and per pupil, but the national percentages above come from the 2022–23 Digest table.
What changes when a state or locality chooses a different revenue source?
Compare revenue options by separating four questions: what raises the money, which government collects it, whether it is dedicated or pooled, and how a distribution formula allocates it among districts. Each can change the outcome even when two systems use similar taxes.
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- Revenue capacity: A tax’s yield depends on the size and value of its tax base and the rate that applies. Property-rich districts may have greater local capacity at a given property-tax rate than districts with less taxable property.
- Who pays: The burden depends on the tax or fee and its design. The tax source alone does not establish the effect on an individual household.
- Geographic distribution: A state can pool tax receipts and distribute them through an aid formula. Local-option sales taxes, by contrast, can preserve differences in revenue-raising capacity between jurisdictions, as discussed in The Source Code: Revenue Composition and the Adequacy, Equity, and Stability of K-12 School Spending (Albert Shanker Institute, 2023).
- Stability: A revenue source can fluctuate differently as economic conditions change. Stability matters for planning, but it does not by itself determine whether the total funding is adequate or fairly distributed.
- Legal authority: State and local laws govern which taxes a school system or other local government may levy, whether voter approval is required, and how revenue can be used. Those rules must be checked for the relevant jurisdiction.
Commonly, local school revenue relies more on property taxes, while state revenue draws on income and sales taxes. As the Albert Shanker Institute’s 2023 report puts it, “Most local revenue for schools comes in the form of property taxes, whereas state revenue is largely a combination of sales and income taxes.” These are broad patterns, not universal rules.
Why do property wealth and student needs both matter?
Property-tax capacity reflects the taxable property wealth available in a district. But capacity is only one side of the funding question: districts also face different costs and student needs. A comparison based only on tax rates can therefore miss whether communities can raise similar amounts or whether they need different amounts to provide services.
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State aid formulas can alter how local capacity translates into total school resources. Local budget choices, assessment practices, tax rules, and other taxing authorities also affect outcomes. Property taxes alone do not determine school quality or a household’s tax bill, and national statistics cannot establish the bill for a particular property.
How stable are property, income, and sales tax revenues?
The 2023 Albert Shanker Institute report analyzes historical tax revenues through 2020 and describes income taxes as the most volatile of the three major tax types, property taxes as the least volatile, and sales taxes as between them. This is an analysis of aggregate historical patterns, not a guarantee about future receipts or every state. The tax base and the way government allocates revenue also affect the stability of school funding.
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Changing revenue sources can involve a tradeoff between distribution and sufficiency. The report recounts Michigan’s 1993 attempt to replace education property taxes with a sales-tax increase; the increase proved insufficient, and a significant portion of property taxes was restored. That episode illustrates a historically specific budget risk, not a forecast for another state’s proposal.
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What should you check for a particular district?
National figures explain broad patterns, not what a district can legally raise or how a change would affect a particular taxpayer. For a local proposal or funding question, examine the relevant state’s current rules and the district’s own budget and funding documents.
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- Identify the tax or fee, the government that collects it, and whether receipts are dedicated or go into a general fund.
- Check the distribution formula and how it accounts for local fiscal capacity and student needs.
- Review the district’s taxable property base, proposed rate, and any applicable assessment or tax-relief rules.
- Confirm legal limits, voter-approval requirements, and the permitted use of the proceeds in current state and local sources.
- Compare expected revenue across economic conditions, not just the first-year estimate.
NCES’s 1995 review of reforms in three states offers historical context about the political, legal, and budget pressures involved in equity reforms, but it is not a guide to current state tax law: GAO, School Finance: Three States’ Experience with Equity in School Funding.
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