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Fluorinated ammonium ligands may help perovskite solar cells resist heat-driven degradation by binding more strongly to the crystal surface while reducing formation of a potentially unstable two-dimensional layer. In a 2023 study reported by Chemistry World, a single-junction cell using the best-performing tested ligand reached 20% efficiency and retained it for 1,560 hours at 85°C. That is promising accelerated-aging evidence—not proof of a 25-year commercial service life.
Why perovskite surfaces need passivation
Perovskite solar cells can lose efficiency or stability when defects at the crystal surface interfere with the device. These defects are associated with mobile ions, which can contribute to degradation, and can act as sites where electrons and holes recombine instead of contributing to electrical output. Surface passivation aims to neutralize or protect these defects.
Ammonium ligands are one approach: their molecules interact with the perovskite surface. But choosing a ligand is a balancing act. A molecule that stays out of the three-dimensional (3D) crystal may avoid disrupting its structure, yet still bind too weakly to passivate defects effectively.
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What fluorination is designed to change
Some ammonium-ligand treatments can form a two-dimensional (2D) layer on the perovskite surface. Such layers may help protect a device, but the Chemistry World account notes concern that they can be unstable at high temperatures. The 2023 study examined how ammonium ligands interact with two common lead-halide perovskites, using multiple spectroscopic techniques.
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The researchers’ design goal was to limit unwanted 2D-phase formation without sacrificing strong surface binding. Their calculations predicted that adding fluorine to the ligand could help achieve both. The tested compounds were fluorinated anilinium derivatives; the report identifies 345FAn as providing the best protection under the study’s test conditions. This finding supports the design rationale for those compounds, not a general guarantee that every fluorinated ligand will behave the same way.
How the tested ligands differed
The study compared how ligands interacted with the crystal, including their surface binding, penetration into the 3D structure and tendency to form a 2D phase. The report highlights a trade-off between avoiding penetration and achieving effective passivation:
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- Anilinium: It penetrated the 3D structure less than the other ligands tested, but was less effective at passivation.
- Phenylethylammonium: Described in the report as the most commonly used passivant, it penetrated the crystal more than anilinium.
- Fluorinated anilinium derivatives: The calculations predicted reduced 2D-phase formation alongside stronger surface binding; 345FAn gave the best protection among the tested derivatives under the reported conditions.
The practical lesson is that ligand size or resistance to intercalation alone is not enough to predict performance. Researchers also need to consider how firmly a molecule binds and what surface phase it forms.
What the 1,560-hour result shows
As reported by Chemistry World, Park et al. (2023) found that a single-junction solar cell made with the passivated perovskite achieved 20% efficiency and retained it for 1,560 hours at 85°C. This is evidence of performance during an elevated-temperature aging test. It should not be read as an independently verified result for a commercial module or as a direct conversion of test hours into years outdoors.
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The account also mentions a research module with an active area of 22 cm², but does not provide a comparable module-efficiency figure or a long-duration module result. That detail indicates a device-scale demonstration, not commercial deployment. The paper is identified as S. M. Park et al., Science (2023), DOI 10.1126/science.adi4107.
Does this show perovskite panels will last 25 years?
No. An accelerated test at 85°C can reveal how a device behaves under that particular heat-aging protocol, but the accessible account does not give all the conditions needed to compare it rigorously with other stability tests, including atmosphere, illumination, encapsulation and measurement procedure. It also does not establish performance under years of outdoor operation.
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Project co-lead So Min Park told Chemistry World that industry needs a lifetime of more than 25 years and that researchers are still learning how to prevent degradation. The 1,560-hour result is therefore a useful research milestone, not a commercial lifetime claim. The work does not establish scale-up, field performance, manufacturing economics or environmental impact.
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1Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors2Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches3Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsWhy the study matters beyond one ligand
The contribution is not simply that one surface treatment performed well in a heat test. It offers a physical rationale for designing ligands: consider how strongly they bind, how far they enter the 3D crystal and whether they promote a 2D surface phase. That framework can help guide future passivant design, while each new molecule still needs to be tested for its own stability and device performance.
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The report quotes graduate student Alan Kaplan describing the contribution as the “‘rational design’ of the ligand.” Its evidence supports a promising direction for laboratory research; it does not yet answer whether the approach can deliver reliable, economical solar modules over decades of real-world use.
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