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In India, a co-lending gold loan is funded by two regulated lenders under an agreement that sets each lender’s share and responsibilities. One lender may handle your application and account while a partner funds its agreed portion; the lender that sends the money, services your account, or holds your pledged gold may not be the same institution. Your loan agreement and Key Fact Statement (KFS) identify the parties and the terms that apply to your loan.
What co-lending means for a gold loan
The Reserve Bank of India’s Co-Lending Arrangements Directions, 2025 define co-lending as an arrangement in which an originating regulated entity and a partner regulated entity jointly fund a portfolio of loans in proportions agreed in advance, sharing revenue and risk. For an individual gold loan, that means there can be more than one participating lender behind the financing. It does not mean the borrower can assume a standard bank-and-NBFC split or a particular division of customer-service duties.
The RBI Directions require each participating lender to retain at least 10% of each individual loan on its own books. They do not prescribe a universal split for the remaining share. The lenders’ agreement and your loan documents determine the arrangement for your loan.
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“Who lent me the money?” can mean several things: who originated or approved the loan, who funded a share, which institution transferred money to you, or who handles payments and queries. Those roles can be divided between lenders.
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| Role | What it means for the borrower |
|---|---|
| Originating lender | The regulated entity that originates the loan. It may source or process the application and may also handle servicing, depending on the arrangement. |
| Partner lender | The other participating regulated entity, which funds and books its agreed share and may have additional responsibilities set by the arrangement. |
| Disbursing institution | The entity or entities that transfer the loan proceeds. Depending on the agreed mechanics, one lender may disburse the full amount before the other funds its share, or each may disburse its own part. |
| Servicer or payment contact | The entity that manages account communication, payment handling, or servicing. Do not assume this is the same institution that sent the funds. |
| Gold custodian | The party responsible for holding the pledged collateral. The co-lending framework alone does not establish which participating lender holds a particular borrower’s gold. |
For your specific loan, rely on the signed loan agreement, KFS, account statements, and lender communications—not just the brand on an app, branch sign, or payment screen. Check which entity or entities are named as lenders, where payments must be made, and who to contact about the account and collateral.
How the loan usually proceeds
- The lenders agree their roles and funding shares. The arrangement is made in advance between regulated lenders. Under the RBI’s 2025 Directions, each lender retains at least 10% of each individual loan on its own books.
- The application is assessed and the gold is checked. The lender’s process must identify eligible collateral and establish its value. For gold and silver collateral, the RBI’s 2025 directions require the borrower to be present during assay and call for records of the collateral’s description and valuation.
- You receive the offer and loan documents. Review the lender names, interest and charges, repayment schedule, collateral description and assessed value, and the terms for release or auction before accepting.
- The proceeds are disbursed under the lenders’ agreed mechanics. The RBI FAQ on co-lending explains that participating lenders may agree for an NBFC to disburse the full amount and later approach the bank, or for each lender to disburse its portion. In the back-to-back example described in that FAQ, the NBFC opens its loan account first and the bank opens its account later. The FAQ describes the earlier co-lending model; it is an example of possible sequencing, not a substitute for the current 2025 Directions or your documents.
- You repay through the specified channel. Follow the payment instructions in your documents, keep receipts, and check your account statements. Confirm the servicing contact rather than assuming the lender that made the disbursement is your only contact.
RBI rules that shape co-lending and gold-backed loans
The RBI issued its Co-Lending Arrangements Directions, 2025 on August 6, 2025. They came into force on January 1, 2026, or an earlier date chosen by a regulated entity under its internal policy. They apply to specified commercial banks—excluding Small Finance Banks, Local Area Banks, and Regional Rural Banks—to all-India financial institutions, and to NBFCs, including housing finance companies. The Directions provide transition treatment for existing arrangements and new arrangements made before the effective date. Digital-lending arrangements also remain subject to the RBI’s Digital Lending Directions.
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The separate Lending Against Gold and Silver Collateral Directions, 2025 were issued on June 6, 2025; the version consulted for this article was updated September 29, 2025. They restrict lending for the purpose of buying gold and restrict primary gold and gold-backed financial assets as collateral. The LTV caps below apply to consumption loans against eligible gold or silver collateral.
| Total consumption loan amount against eligible collateral | Maximum loan-to-value (LTV) |
|---|---|
| ₹2.5 lakh or less | 85% |
| Above ₹2.5 lakh and up to ₹5 lakh | 80% |
| Above ₹5 lakh | 75% |
These are RBI maximums under its 2025 gold and silver collateral directions, not guaranteed offers; a lender may offer less. The lender must maintain the applicable LTV throughout the loan. If the total loan against eligible collateral is above ₹2.5 lakh, the RBI directions require a detailed credit assessment, including repayment capacity.
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For valuation, the relevant value is the intrinsic value of the gold or silver content at its actual purity—not the value of stones or other non-metal additions. The resulting rupee valuation can change with published prices and purity, so do not rely on an undated estimate.
What to check before pledging your gold
- Be present while the pledged items are assayed.
- Check that the certificate records the items, purity, gross weight, net gold content, deductions, and assessed value.
- Ask how stones, lac, alloy, fastenings, or other non-gold material affect the recorded weight and value.
- Match the collateral description and valuation on the certificate and receipt against the loan documents.
- Check the KFS and agreement for interest, applicable charges—including assay or auction-related charges—and the payment schedule.
- Understand renewal, default, auction-notice, and collateral-release conditions before agreeing to the loan.
Repayment, gold release, and what happens after default
After full repayment or settlement, the RBI’s 2025 gold and silver collateral directions require the lender to return or release the pledged collateral on the same day where possible and no later than seven working days. If a delay beyond that deadline is attributable to the lender, the required compensation is ₹5,000 for each day of delay. If the delay is outside the lender’s control, the lender must communicate the reason.
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If you do not repay, a lender may auction the collateral after following the applicable notice and transparent-auction process. Read your agreement for the specific default triggers, notices, and how any auction surplus or shortfall is handled. The co-lending arrangement does not remove your repayment obligation or eliminate the risk to the pledged gold.
What a disclosed partnership example does—and does not—show
In an October 19, 2023 disclosure, Central Bank of India described an MSME co-lending partnership with Capri Global Capital. The bank said Capri Global would originate and process MSME proposals under jointly formulated credit criteria, the bank would book 80% of those MSME loans, and Capri Global would service the accounts. The notice also described Capri Global as an NBFC that offers gold loans among other products.
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This illustrates how origination, funding, and servicing can be divided, but it is not evidence that the partnership offers retail gold-loan co-lending. Its 80% bank share applies to the described MSME arrangement and should not be treated as a typical or required split for gold loans. Official evidence that an institution offers gold loans and has a separate co-lending partnership does not by itself establish that the partnership covers retail gold loans.
Quick Recap
Sources
- Reserve Bank of India, Co-Lending Arrangements Directions, 2025, issued August 6, 2025.
- Reserve Bank of India, Lending Against Gold and Silver Collateral Directions, 2025, issued June 6, 2025; version updated September 29, 2025.
- Reserve Bank of India co-lending FAQ, showing a last-updated date of September 29, 2026. Its account-sequencing explanation describes the earlier co-lending model.
- Central Bank of India disclosure on its MSME co-lending partnership with Capri Global Capital, October 19, 2023.
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