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China Construction Bank’s deposits fund its lending and other assets, while loans generate interest income but also expose the bank to credit risk. More deposits or loans can support earnings, but the effect depends on what the bank pays for funding, what it earns on assets, and how much it sets aside for credit losses. CCB’s first-half 2026 results show stronger net interest income; its 2025 results show why balance growth alone does not guarantee that outcome.
How deposits and loans flow into bank earnings
A bank earns interest on loans and other interest-earning assets. It pays interest on customer deposits and other funding. The difference between interest income and interest expense is net interest income (NII), a major component of a bank’s operating income.
Deposits are a source of funding, not profit by themselves. Their contribution depends partly on their cost and composition. Loans are income-producing assets, but their contribution depends on the interest rates charged, how long balances are outstanding, borrower and product mix, and whether borrowers repay. Credit impairment can reduce the benefit of lending growth.
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1Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches2Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors3Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minuteNet interest margin (NIM) relates net interest income to average interest-earning assets. It helps show how effectively a bank earns from those assets relative to its funding costs, but it is not the same as total profit: non-interest income, operating expenses and credit losses also matter.
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CCB’s first-half 2026 snapshot
China Construction Bank’s consolidated interim results for the six months ended June 30, 2026, announced August 28, 2026, report period-end balances alongside income and rate measures for the half-year. The balance growth comparisons are against 2025 year-end; the reported NII growth comparison is year over year.
| Measure | CCB reported result | Period and comparison |
|---|---|---|
| Net loans | RMB 28.44 trillion, up 5.62% | At June 30, 2026, versus 2025 year-end |
| Total deposits | RMB 31.82 trillion, up 3.19% | At June 30, 2026, versus 2025 year-end |
| Net interest income | RMB 310.958 billion, up 8.46% | First half 2026, year over year |
| Net interest margin | 1.37% | First half 2026 |
| Deposit interest rate | 1.11%, down 29 basis points | First half 2026, year over year |
| Net non-interest income | RMB 115.375 billion, up 16.31% | First half 2026, year over year |
| Operating income | Growth of 10.48% | First half 2026, year over year |
| Non-performing loan ratio | 1.29%, down 0.02 percentage points | At June 30, 2026, versus 2025 year-end |
These are CCB-reported consolidated group statistics, not independent estimates. The 1.11% deposit interest rate is a reported bank-level measure, not a rate offered universally to individual customers. Likewise, the total deposit balance is not a household-deposit figure alone. CCB’s 2026 interim results provide the company’s full reporting context.
Why higher balances do not automatically mean higher interest income
Interest income depends on both the amount of assets and the yield earned on them. A larger average loan book can generate more interest if yields and other factors hold steady, but balances may grow while yields fall, loans reprice, or the mix shifts toward lower-yield products. End-of-period balances also do not show how long new loans were outstanding during the reporting period.
CCB’s 2025 annual results illustrate the interaction. Average gross loans rose to RMB 27.164 trillion in 2025 from RMB 25.228 trillion in 2024, while the average yield on gross loans fell to 2.84% from 3.43%. Over the same period, reported NII was RMB 572.774 billion, down 2.90% from 2024. The figures show that loan volume growth did not, by itself, ensure higher NII; they do not quantify how much of the change was caused by volume, yields, or other factors.
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Deposit balances have a similar two-sided effect. More deposits can supply funding, but interest expense depends on the amount paid and on deposit mix. In its 2026 interim results, CCB said current deposits were over 40% of total deposits. The mix matters because different types of deposits can have different costs and customer behavior; the reported overall rate should not be treated as the return earned by every depositor.
What CCB’s 2025 results reveal about funding costs and margin
For a consistent annual comparison, CCB reported average customer deposits of RMB 29.212 trillion in 2025, versus RMB 27.837 trillion in 2024. Their average cost was 1.32% in 2025, down from 1.65% in 2024. These are annual average balances and costs, not June 2026 period-end figures.
CCB’s 2025 annual results reported NIM of 1.34%, alongside NII of RMB 572.774 billion, down 2.90% year over year. The filing said: “Due to asymmetric interest rate cuts, deposit rate cuts lagging behind loan rate cuts and structural changes, decline in liabilities cost was smaller than that in assets yield.” In other words, lower deposit costs can help, but if yields on earning assets decline more or sooner, the margin can still face pressure.
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Loan growth also increases the bank’s exposure to borrowers who may not repay. CCB reported a non-performing loan ratio of 1.29% at June 30, 2026, 0.02 percentage points below its 2025 year-end figure. That ratio is an indicator of portfolio quality; it is not the amount of impairment expense or a forecast of future losses.
Profit also depends on income beyond lending and funding. In the first half of 2026, CCB reported net non-interest income of RMB 115.375 billion, up 16.31% year over year, while operating income grew 10.48%. Those figures show that interest income is only one part of the result; they do not establish that balance growth caused the change in total income.
How to read the numbers without mixing comparisons
- Separate point-in-time balances from averages. The June 2026 loan and deposit figures are balances at period-end; the 2025 loan and customer deposit figures cited above are annual averages.
- Keep the comparison baseline attached. First-half 2026 balance growth is versus 2025 year-end, while first-half income growth is year over year. The 2025 annual figures compare with 2024.
- Read volume with rates. Loan balances alongside loan yields, and deposits alongside funding costs and mix, explain more than either balance alone.
- Look beyond NII. Non-interest income, operating expenses and impairment charges also affect the route from operating income to profit.
CCB’s reported figures show that the relationship is interactive, not a simple cause-and-effect formula. In 2025, average loan balances rose while average loan yield declined and NII fell. In the first half of 2026, NII increased year over year. The reports establish those reported outcomes, but do not provide a counterfactual breakdown of how much profit change was caused specifically by deposit growth or loan growth.
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