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In 2022, H. Wei and colleagues reported the first solution-phase synthesis and crystalline isolation of aza-triangulene and its cation. The work moved these unusual high-spin molecules beyond earlier on-surface synthesis, while adding bulky groups to help stabilize the reactive structures.
What the 2022 synthesis achieved
The study, “Solution-Phase Synthesis and Isolation of An Aza-Triangulene and Its Cation in Crystalline Form,” appeared in Angewandte Chemie International Edition, volume 61, article e202210386. It reported isolating both neutral aza-triangulene and an oxidized cation as crystals, allowing detailed characterization. Read the publication record.
The distinction is important: the advance was not simply making the molecule, but preparing and isolating it in solution and obtaining crystalline forms of both molecular species.
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The reported route started with an amine bearing aromatic groups and used Suzuki couplings, cyclisations, and redox reactions to form the aza-triangulene framework. The team added bulky electron-withdrawing groups to reduce energy associated with unpaired electrons and block the molecule’s most reactive sites.
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Oxidation produced the cation, which the authors described as an isoelectronic analogue of the parent all-carbon triangulene. This is a high-level account of the reported strategy, not a reproducible laboratory protocol: exact quantities, reaction conditions, and yields are not included in the available publication record described here.
How the species were characterized
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and cyclic voltammetry supported the high-spin assignments and provided information about magnetic properties and bond lengths. Computational calculations were also reported in support of the experimental findings.
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What the reported 11-day stability means
Chemistry World reported an estimated half-life of 11 days for neutral aza-triangulene under ambient air and light. That estimate applies to the neutral species under those stated conditions; it should not be read as a general shelf life for the cation, other solvents, storage environments, or every potential use.
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How later aza-triangulene research differs
A derivative studied for optoelectronic properties
A 2023 study examined a star-shaped non-fullerene acceptor incorporating an aza-triangulene core and investigated its optoelectronic and photovoltaic properties. That material is a later derivative, not the same compound as the aza-triangulene isolated in the 2022 solution-phase work. See the 2023 study.
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Fused molecules formed on metal surfaces
Separate surface research investigated fused aza-triangulenes on metal substrates. The reported charge and magnetic behavior depended on the substrate: an anionic closed-shell species was observed on Ag(111), while an open-shell cation was reported on Au(111). In the described experiments, magnetic fingerprints appeared only for asymmetric fused dimers. These surface-bound systems are distinct from the original solution-phase molecules. See the surface study.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Why the result matters—and what it does not show
High-spin polycyclic hydrocarbons have been discussed as potentially relevant to spintronics, quantum devices, and organic batteries. Those are prospective research directions, not evidence that aza-triangulene is already used in commercial devices. The 2022 result established a solution-phase route and crystalline isolation; it did not demonstrate a deployed technology.
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