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The available account does not confirm that Iranian hackers successfully accessed an Israeli water facility. A CSIS chronology says suspected Iranian hackers unsuccessfully targeted Israeli water systems in April 2020. A separate campaign documented by CISA involved Israeli-made controllers and reported compromises at multiple U.S. water and wastewater facilities beginning in November 2023.

Did Iranian hackers hack an Israeli water treatment plant?

Not according to the available account. The Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) chronology describes suspected Iranian hackers as unsuccessfully targeting command-and-control systems at Israeli water treatment plants, pumping stations, and sewage systems in April 2020. It does not name a facility or document a successful intrusion. CSIS’s chronology also says Israeli officials characterized a May 2020 operation against an Iranian port as retaliation for the failed attempt.

That record does not establish the stronger claim that hackers accessed an Israeli facility. The account is secondary chronology reporting, and no primary incident investigation or named Israeli facility is identified in it.

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How does the later Unitronics campaign differ?

A separate campaign, detailed in a joint advisory by CISA, the FBI, NSA, EPA, and Israel’s National Cyber Directorate, involved IRGC-affiliated actors using the CyberAv3ngers persona. The advisory was first issued in December 2023 and revised December 18, 2024. It says the actors began actively targeting Israeli-made Unitronics Vision Series programmable logic controllers (PLCs) in November 2023.

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Episode Date and geography Target and reported outcome Attribution in the source
Israeli water-system targeting April 2020; Israel Command-and-control systems at water treatment plants, pumping stations, and sewage systems; the attempt is described as unsuccessful. Suspected Iranian hackers, according to the CSIS chronology.
Unitronics campaign Activity against Israeli-made PLCs began in November 2023; reported facility access began November 22, 2023, at multiple U.S. facilities. Unitronics Vision Series PLCs. CISA reports access to multiple U.S. water and wastewater facilities using these controllers. IRGC-affiliated actors using the CyberAv3ngers persona, according to the joint CISA advisory.

The later advisory’s references to Israeli-made equipment and targeting do not show that an Israeli water utility was successfully breached. Its reported water-facility compromises were at U.S. facilities. Read the joint CISA advisory.

What is an unprotected ICS?

An industrial control system (ICS) monitors or controls physical processes, such as water treatment and pumping. A PLC is one type of controller used within an industrial system. CISA’s account specifically concerns Unitronics Vision Series PLCs and associated human-machine interfaces; it does not establish that every component of an ICS was exposed or compromised.

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In the U.S. incidents, CISA says actors likely accessed internet-accessible devices that had default or no passwords. Those conditions are reported for the described access, not confirmed as the explanation for every incident or every targeted device.

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How can operators reduce the risk?

CISA and its co-authoring agencies recommend practical protections for operational technology, including:

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  • Remove insecure internet exposure from operational technology. The advisory’s action is: “Address operational technology connected insecurely to the internet.”
  • Use multifactor authentication where available, along with strong, unique passwords.
  • Check PLCs for default or absent passwords and replace them with secure credentials.

These steps address exposure and access weaknesses identified in the advisory; they do not establish how any particular Israeli facility was configured.

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