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Denmark’s Defence Intelligence Service (DDIS, also known as FE) said on 18 December 2025 that Russia was behind two separate cyber campaigns: an attack on a Danish waterworks in late 2024 that caused a pipe to burst, and denial-of-service attacks on Danish websites ahead of the 2025 local and regional elections. DDIS linked the waterworks incident to Z-Pentest and the election-period attacks to NoName057(16), assessing that both groups had ties to the Russian state. The public statement summarizes the intelligence assessment but does not publish its underlying technical evidence. DDIS statement, 18 December 2025.

Denmark’s attribution covers two different campaigns

The incidents differed in target, method and impact. The 2024 incident affected waterworks operational technology (OT), systems used to monitor or control physical processes. The 2025 campaign used distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, which flood websites or services with traffic to make them harder to reach.

Incident Target and method Reported effect DDIS attribution
Late December 2024 A smaller Danish waterworks; attackers compromised OT and changed water pressure, according to Danish authorities and the utility’s account. A pipe burst and customers temporarily lost water. Z-Pentest; DDIS assessed the group had links to the Russian state.
Before the November 2025 local and regional elections Danish websites targeted with DDoS traffic. Website availability was disrupted. The cited Danish statement does not report an attack on voting systems or vote counting. NoName057(16); DDIS assessed the group had links to the Russian state.

DDIS said Russia used the groups as instruments in a wider hybrid campaign intended to create insecurity and punish countries supporting Ukraine. It also assessed that the election period was used to attract attention, a pattern it said had appeared around other European elections. These are Danish intelligence assessments; the public statement does not provide the underlying evidence. Read the DDIS statement.

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What happened at the waterworks

The Danish Environmental Protection Agency’s 22 January 2025 account said a pro-Russian cyberactivist group likely compromised OT with weak security at a smaller Danish waterworks in late December 2024. The attackers raised the water pressure until a pipe burst. The incident was detected quickly, supply was restored, and some customers went without water for several hours. Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 22 January 2025.

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The Associated Press identified the utility as Tureby-Alkestrup Waterworks and reported the utility’s estimates of the outage: about 50 households were without water for around seven hours, while about 450 homes had no water for around one hour. These are figures supplied by the utility and reported by AP, not independently audited totals. Associated Press report, 19 December 2025.

The election-period attacks targeted websites, not a reported vote count

DDIS said NoName057(16) carried out DDoS attacks against Danish websites before the November 2025 municipal and regional elections. The stated target was website availability. The cited Danish account does not establish that voting machines, election-management systems or vote counts were compromised, or that election results changed.

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Denmark’s Minister for Resilience and Preparedness, Torsten Schack Pedersen, told AP: “It shows that there are forces capable of shutting down important parts of our society.” AP’s report.

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Threat ratings changed with the date and scope

In January 2025, the water-sector assessment relayed by the Danish Environmental Protection Agency rated cybercrime very high; cyberactivism, destructive cyberattacks and cyberespionage medium; and cyberterrorism none. Those ratings described the water sector at that time. Agency account of the water-sector assessment.

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In September 2026, Denmark’s Ministry of Environment said SAMSIK had raised the national threat level for destructive cyberattacks from medium to high, assessing that Russian attempts were likely. This later national rating concerns a broader scope and a different date, so it does not contradict the earlier sector-specific assessment. The ministry also announced planned legislation to extend cyber and physical security requirements across the water sector; it described the legislation as planned, not already in force. Ministry of Environment announcement, September 2026.

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What Denmark announced for water-sector resilience

The ministry described Denmark’s water sector as decentralized, with about 2,500 water-supply companies and a little over 100 wastewater companies. It said the structure and many boreholes provide resilience, while announcing work to strengthen both cyber and physical security. The company counts and the planned requirements are from the ministry’s September 2026 announcement.

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The ministry also advised households to keep “three litres of water on hand per person per day, so that you can manage for three days without a functioning water supply.” That is a drinking-water preparedness recommendation, not a measure that protects utility control systems from cyberattacks. Ministry guidance and announcement.

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What the public account does not establish

  • The public DDIS statement does not include the forensic evidence behind its attribution of the incidents or the groups’ Russian-state links.
  • The cited sources do not provide an independently verified combined financial cost for the campaigns.
  • They do not establish a percentage of election-related sites affected, interference with vote counting, or changed election results.

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