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Protecting cloud data takes more than turning on encryption or buying a backup service. A sound strategy coordinates access controls, encryption and key management, and backups that can be restored within the organization’s recovery needs. The right controls depend on whether a workload uses IaaS, PaaS, or SaaS, and on how data moves through the architecture.
Start with the cloud service model
Cloud services expose different components for customers to manage. NIST SP 800-210 addresses access control across infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and software as a service (SaaS); the access-control work differs because the components and responsibilities differ by model. A control plan should therefore begin by identifying which service components the organization operates and which the provider operates, rather than assuming one access policy covers every cloud environment. NIST SP 800-210
- IaaS: Map access to the infrastructure and workloads the customer manages, and separately document provider-managed components.
- PaaS: Focus on access to the platform capabilities and applications the customer configures or builds, while accounting for the provider-managed platform.
- SaaS: Define access to the provider-hosted application and its data through the controls available for that service.
These are planning distinctions, not a substitute for the specific division of responsibility in a provider’s current service documentation. Capabilities, terms, and regional offerings can change, so verify them for each service in use.
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Access should reflect who or what is requesting data and the circumstances of the request. CISA’s cloud-use-case guidance identifies service, identity, device, and data labels as contextual inputs for fine-grained policy. This is guidance for the federal use case described in that document, not a universal requirement for every organization. CISA cloud-use-case guidance
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In practice, translate the organization’s data classifications and security needs into rules that grant only the access required for a task. Review whether identities, devices, and services should retain access as roles or conditions change, and ensure the policy can be enforced in the relevant IaaS, PaaS, or SaaS components.
Choose encryption with key custody in mind
Encryption protects data only as part of a wider plan that also addresses who can use the keys, where keys are stored, and how they are managed over time. CISA distinguishes client-side encryption, where the agency creates a key that is not shared with the cloud provider, from server-side encryption, which takes place at the cloud destination. The appropriate choice depends on the required control and the organization’s ability to operate the key lifecycle. CISA cloud-use-case guidance CISA cloud architecture guidance
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| Approach | Where encryption occurs or who controls the key | What to plan |
|---|---|---|
| Client-side encryption | The customer creates and controls a key that is not shared with the cloud provider, as described in CISA’s federal guidance. | Secure key storage, authorized key access, lifecycle management, and the operational capacity to maintain those controls. |
| Server-side encryption | Encryption occurs at the cloud destination. | Determine how keys are stored and accessed, who is responsible for their lifecycle, and what the selected service supports. Verify current provider documentation. |
Neither approach is universally best. A customer-held key can increase control but also places key protection and availability responsibilities on the customer. With server-side encryption, understand the actual key-management arrangement and service-specific capabilities before relying on it. CISA’s architecture guidance also treats storage, access, and key lifecycle as relevant considerations.
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Design backups around recovery needs
A backup plan should specify how data will be protected and how it can be recovered—not just which product will create copies. NIST SP 800-209 recommends defining backup tiers, frequency, number of copies, media types, and encryption, and considering key retention or rotation. It does not establish one schedule that suits every organization. NIST SP 800-209
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- This USB drive provides plug and play simplicity with the included 18 inch USB 3.0 cable
- The available storage capacity may vary.
- Backup tiers and frequency: Set them in relation to the organization’s recovery needs and the importance of the data.
- Copies and media: Decide how many copies are needed and what media types will hold them. A physical external drive is one possible medium, not a universal recommendation.
- Encryption and keys: Specify how backup data is encrypted and ensure the keys needed to restore it remain available under the recovery plan, including retention or rotation decisions.
- Restoration assurance: Test backups regularly and frequently enough for the organization’s needs. CISA’s cloud architecture guidance identifies regular, frequent backup testing as a data-protection consideration. CISA cloud architecture guidance
A copy that exists but cannot be restored when needed does not meet a recovery objective. Test the restoration process, including access to required keys, and use the results to adjust the plan.
Account for data moving between cloud components
Cloud-native, hybrid, and multi-cloud designs can move data through more paths than a single storage service. NIST IR 8505 addresses data protection in cloud-native systems, including in-transit protection in architectures such as service meshes. Identify the paths data takes between services and environments, then determine where transmission protection and access controls must apply. NIST IR 8505
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- To get set up, connect the portable hard drive to a computer for automatic recognition no software required
- This USB drive provides plug and play simplicity with the included 18 inch USB 3.0 cable
- The available storage capacity may vary.
Do not assume that protecting data at rest in a storage service also addresses its movement through applications, APIs, service meshes, or hybrid connections. The relevant controls depend on the architecture and the services involved.
Turn the strategy into an operating plan
- Inventory services and data. Record which workloads use IaaS, PaaS, or SaaS, what data they process, and how data moves among components.
- Assign access responsibilities. Map customer- and provider-managed components, define contextual access policies, and identify who reviews and maintains them.
- Document encryption and key handling. For each data flow and storage location, record the encryption approach, key custody, authorized access, and lifecycle responsibilities.
- Set backup and recovery requirements. Specify tiers, frequency, copy count, media, encryption, key retention or rotation, and the recovery needs the plan is meant to meet.
- Test and revise. Regularly test backup restoration and review access, encryption, keys, and data flows when services or architecture change.
These controls work together: access rules limit who can reach data, encryption and key management protect it, and tested backups support recovery. A gap in any one can undermine the overall plan.
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