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A central office switch is a telecommunications switching system that connects telephone lines and trunk circuits so calls can begin, end, or pass through the public switched telephone network (PSTN). It may serve end users, route traffic between other switches, or perform both roles. The term refers to switching equipment; “central office” can also mean the building that houses it.

What a central office switch does

The switch makes network connections among lines and trunks. Depending on its role, it can connect a caller’s line to the network, connect a call to its destination, or pass traffic between other switches. A U.S. interconnection agreement defines a central office as a local switching system that connects lines to lines, lines to trunks, or trunks to trunks for calls over the PSTN. The agreement’s definitions also describe central-office-switch equipment used to provide telecommunications services.

End-office switch vs. tandem switch

The distinction is the network connections each role handles: an end office serves exchange lines and end users, while a tandem switch connects trunk circuits between switches.

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Role What it connects What the role means
End office or end-office switch End-user exchange service and the network The user-facing switching role. Federal regulation defines an end office as “the telephone company office from which the end user receives exchange service.” 47 CFR § 69.2
Tandem office or tandem switch Trunk circuits among central-office switches The intermediary trunk-switching role, described in a Florida Public Service Commission order.
Combination switch Both end-user exchange service and trunks between switches A single switch may perform both end-office and tandem functions, as described in the interconnection agreement.

These are network roles, not a guarantee that each role occupies a separate building. The definitions do not establish one physical layout or identify which technologies a particular carrier currently uses.

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Central office switch vs. central office building

“Central office” is sometimes used for the telephone-company building where switching systems and related equipment are installed. “Central office switch” is more precise when you mean the switching system itself. The distinction matters in technical descriptions: a building may house switching equipment, but the building is not the switching function.

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How to read the term in context

  • If a description says the equipment serves subscribers’ exchange lines, it is referring to the end-office role.
  • If it says the equipment switches trunks between central offices, it is referring to the tandem role.
  • If it says “central office” without “switch,” check whether the passage means the network facility or the switching system.

Definitions vary by document and regulatory context. The cited agreement and Florida order use the term for switching functions and distinguish end-office and tandem roles; the federal rule cited here defines “end office,” rather than specifying every possible central-office-switch configuration.

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