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Yes—but only in preclinical research so far. Nanoparticle sensors have detected chemical signals associated with drug-induced liver injury in cultured cells and animal models. They are not established tests for diagnosing liver damage in people.
What does a nanoparticle sensor detect?
These probes do not detect every drug or identify liver damage directly. They are designed to respond to a particular biomarker or chemical process associated with injury. One example, CD–N-I, detects peroxynitrite (ONOO−), a reactive molecule linked to cellular injury. Its researchers studied the probe in connection with acetaminophen-induced liver injury in cells. Wu and colleagues’ 2024 Chemical Science paper describes the sensor.
How does the CD–N-I sensor work?
CD–N-I joins carbon dots with a naphthalimide–isatin sensing molecule through electrostatic self-assembly. It uses Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET): the carbon dots act as energy donors and naphthalimide as the acceptor. When peroxynitrite cleaves the isatin receptor, it activates the fluorophore and switches on FRET.
The result is a ratiometric, two-color signal. As peroxynitrite increases, emission at 462 nm decreases while emission at 562 nm increases. Comparing the two emissions, rather than relying on a single intensity, can reduce interference from probe concentration and the local environment, according to the authors.
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What the reported performance figures mean
In buffer at pH 7.4 and 25 °C, the paper reports a 0.22 μM limit of detection and a linear fluorescence ratio across 0–40 μM peroxynitrite. The authors report that the reaction took about one minute. These are results from the paper’s controlled assay conditions—not a human diagnostic threshold, clinical sensitivity, or time-to-diagnosis. The study also reports selectivity against the competing reactive oxygen species and ions it tested.
What has been tested—and what has not?
The CD–N-I researchers imaged both added and naturally occurring peroxynitrite in live HepG2 cells. In their acetaminophen experiment, the fluorescence ratio rose over time after cells were treated with the drug; N-acetylcysteine reduced the signal. This supports studying the probe in a cell model and suggests a possible way to evaluate compounds for protective effects in cells.
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That experiment does not show that the sensor can diagnose patients, is safe for clinical use, or works in an intact human liver. The reported buffer detection limit and cell results should not be interpreted as evidence of clinical performance.
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Other studies use different targets and readouts. They broaden the research area but are not head-to-head comparisons with CD–N-I; their performance cannot be ranked from the reported results alone.
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| Approach | Target or signal | Readout | Study setting | What the evidence shows |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CD–N-I, Chemical Science (2024) | Peroxynitrite | Two-color, ratiometric FRET fluorescence | Buffer assays and cultured HepG2 cells | Peroxynitrite detection and an acetaminophen-related signal in cells; no patient diagnosis established. Source |
| miR-122 upconversion nanoprobe, Talanta (2024) | miR-122, targeted with an aptamer | Upconversion nanoparticles and Prussian blue nanoparticles | Experimental models; the abstract describes in situ DILI imaging | Reports an approach for imaging drug-induced liver injury in experimental models; routine patient testing is not established. Source |
| Persistent-luminescence imaging (2025) | Oxidative-stress-responsive mechanism | Persistent luminescence | Acetaminophen-induced mouse liver injury | The authors report detection approximately 10 hours earlier than serum-based methods in that mouse model. This is a model-specific comparison, not a general clinical claim. Source |
The studies differ in biomarker, sensor design, and validation stage. The mouse-model timing result, in particular, does not establish that a nanoparticle sensor detects acetaminophen injury earlier in people.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Could these sensors be used as a test today?
The studies described here are research demonstrations, not evidence of a routine clinical test or consumer diagnostic. CD–N-I is a custom research construct, and the cited work does not establish clinical safety or patient-level diagnostic performance. The cell and animal results may help researchers investigate injury signals and test candidate protective compounds, but they do not show that someone can use a nanoparticle sensor to assess suspected drug-related liver damage.
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