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In an October 2, 2024 interview, Jen Easterly, then director of the U.S. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), said malicious actors could not affect the election at a scale sufficient to materially change its outcome. That was a dated, pre-election assessment—not a claim that attacks, disruptions, influence campaigns, or mistakes were impossible.
What Easterly meant by “no chance”
The headline phrase was broader than the qualification in Easterly’s explanation. She said: “Malicious actors, even if they tried, could not have an impact at scale such that there would be a material effect on the outcome of the election.” The key threshold was an outcome-changing effect at scale, not the absence of every possible cyber incident.
In the same interview, Easterly said: “We have not seen specific cyber activity designed to interfere with actual election infrastructure or processes,” describing what officials had seen at that time. That observation applies to the October 2024 interview; it should not be read as a current threat assessment.
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How paper records and audits help check results
Voting systems and procedures differ across jurisdictions, but paper records provide a way to check electronic results. The U.S. Election Assistance Commission’s (EAC) 2024 Election Administration and Voting Survey, released in 2025, found that more than 98% of election jurisdictions used equipment on which voters mark a paper ballot or that produces an auditable paper record. The survey covered the 2024 election.
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Paper records support verification; they do not mean every jurisdiction uses the same equipment or follows identical audit rules. The EAC says there is no single national standard for election audits. States set differing policies, including which audit methods they use and when they conduct them. The EAC’s overview of election audits across the United States explains those differences.
The EAC also describes safeguards such as equipment testing, locks, tamper-evident seals, security cameras, and physical and cybersecurity access controls. The mix depends on the systems and procedures used locally. For details about a particular ballot, voting system, or audit, check your state or local election office.
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What the reassurance does not rule out
Disruptions and delays
Easterly acknowledged that election operations could be affected by events such as storms, ransomware, or distributed denial-of-service attacks. A disruption could delay services or reporting without changing the votes ultimately counted. The assessment about material effect on the outcome should not be mistaken for a promise that Election Day will be trouble-free.
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Influence campaigns and declining trust
The AP report described foreign efforts to influence voters, deepen partisan divisions, and undermine confidence, including activity associated with Russia and Iran; Easterly also said China was interested in influencing the 2024 election. Influence operations and attempts to cast doubt on counting are serious concerns, but they are distinct from successfully altering counted votes.
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Easterly specifically warned that foreign actors could exploit the period after Election Day, while votes were being counted, to erode confidence. An unsupported allegation or an information campaign is not, by itself, evidence that vote totals were changed.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What a cyberattack could mean for voters
If a cyber incident or another emergency affects local operations, the practical consequences depend on the jurisdiction and the systems involved. A delay or service interruption is not automatically evidence of a changed result. Follow updates from your local election office for instructions and official results, and consult its published information about equipment and verification procedures.
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The EAC’s 2025 survey reported more than 158 million counted ballots in the 2024 general election. Its response rate was 100%, covering all 50 states, five U.S. territories, and the District of Columbia. Those nationwide figures describe the scale and coverage of the survey, not a guarantee that every local process is identical.
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For further context, see the EAC’s election security guidance and its 2024 Election Administration and Voting Survey report.
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