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This ESP32 project can monitor selected Wi-Fi frames, count observed deauthentication frames, and display collected status in a web interface. It is a passive observation tool—not proof that an attack is underway or a way to identify who sent a frame. Keep monitoring to networks you own or are authorized to assess.

What the ESP32 can observe

Espressif’s ESP-IDF Wi-Fi library supports promiscuous monitoring: the application can receive certain 802.11 frames without associating with the network. Available capture categories include management, data, control, and CRC-error frames, subject to configured filters. Other 802.11 error frames are not delivered, so promiscuous mode should not be described as a complete capture of everything transmitted over Wi-Fi. See Espressif’s ESP-IDF Wi-Fi documentation and Wi-Fi Modes guide.

The received data depends on the frame filters and radio context configured by the project, including the channel being monitored. The cited documentation establishes the capture categories, but does not prescribe a channel strategy for this build. A monitor listening on one channel should not be represented as seeing all traffic across every channel.

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How to implement packet monitoring without blocking Wi-Fi

In ESP-IDF, configure the Wi-Fi driver and the desired frame filters, then enable promiscuous mode with esp_wifi_set_promiscuous(). The API also provides a way to register the callback that receives captured data. Consult the version-specific ESP-IDF Wi-Fi reference for setup details and supported filter definitions.

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Keep the callback brief. Espressif notes that the promiscuous callback runs in the Wi-Fi driver task and that sniffing can significantly reduce station or access-point throughput. The callback should extract only the information needed for an observation and hand more substantial work to an application task, for example by posting an event to a queue. Avoid parsing, formatting, or serving a full web response inside the callback.

What a deauthentication detector can and cannot tell you

Deauthentication is a type of management frame used in Wi-Fi connection management. A monitor can count or report deauthentication frames it receives. A detector may also flag a pattern that meets a threshold chosen by its author, but the documentation cited here does not establish a reliable threshold, false-positive rate, or attribution method for a particular implementation.

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Keep these conclusions distinct in the interface:

  • Observed: the ESP32 received a frame identified as deauthentication.
  • Flagged: the project’s configured rule classified observations as suspicious.
  • Confirmed: malicious intent has been established by evidence beyond the frame observation. The monitor alone cannot make this determination.

Frames can be spoofed, and a count or alert does not establish who transmitted them or why. Espressif discusses spoofed management frames and related protections in its ESP-IDF v6.1 Wi-Fi Security guide.

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Use Protected Management Frames as a defense

Protected Management Frames (PMF) add integrity protection for broadcast management frames and protect against specified spoofed management-frame attacks. Espressif documents PMF support for ESP32 station and Soft-AP modes. In the ESP-IDF v6.1 security guide, the documented default is PMF Optional; a device configured for PMF Required connects only to a peer that supports PMF.

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PMF setting Behavior described by Espressif
Disabled PMF is not enabled for the connection.
Optional PMF support is optional; this is the documented default in the ESP-IDF v6.1 guide.
Required The device connects only to a peer that supports PMF.

PMF is a setting for the ESP32’s own station or Soft-AP operation. It does not make the monitoring tool a defense for unrelated client devices. Check the ESP-IDF v6.1 security documentation and the target network’s compatibility before requiring it.

Present observations through a web portal

ESP-IDF supports station (STA), Soft-AP, and concurrent AP/station operation. These modes can underpin a local interface, but they do not automatically provide a web server or captive portal. Those features—including DNS behavior, authentication, and how a phone reaches the page—must be implemented and tested by the project.

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A useful monitoring page can separate live device state from observations and configuration. For example, it can show the current Wi-Fi mode, selected monitoring channel, active filters, and time-stamped frame counts. If the project performs a scan, the Arduino-ESP32 Wi-Fi API documents scan results that may include SSID, encryption type, RSSI, BSSID, and channel. Scanning is distinct from promiscuous capture; use the API’s Wi-Fi documentation and examples for the framework you choose.

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  • Label data as observed locally, and make the monitored channel and active filters visible.
  • Keep configuration actions separate from packet processing so page requests do not stall the Wi-Fi callback.
  • Do not label a count or threshold alert as a confirmed attack or identify an alleged sender without independent evidence.
  • Restrict access to configuration and status pages according to the project’s deployment needs; the cited Wi-Fi APIs do not specify a portal authentication design.
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Choose the framework and operating mode deliberately

ESP-IDF documents promiscuous monitoring and Wi-Fi operating modes directly. Arduino-ESP32 documents Wi-Fi scanning and AP and station examples. The appropriate choice depends on the project’s existing firmware and implementation needs; the cited documentation does not identify a specific board, framework version, or finished portal implementation for this multi-tool.

Quick Recap

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Project concern What to decide
Framework and API Use the Wi-Fi APIs documented for the firmware framework and version actually selected; do not assume ESP-IDF and Arduino examples are interchangeable.
Radio role Decide whether the ESP32 acts as STA, Soft-AP, or AP+STA. These are supported modes, but the choice affects how the interface and monitoring behavior are arranged.
Capture scope Select frame filters and state the channel context. Promiscuous monitoring does not deliver every possible frame type.
Processing and throughput Expect reduced Wi-Fi throughput while sniffing. Keep callback work short and move substantial processing to an application task.

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