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A 2012 quantum-chemical study predicted a kind of molecular bonding called perpendicular paramagnetic bonding in hydrogen exposed to extremely strong magnetic fields. The work offers a possible way molecules could behave in environments near magnetic stars, including some white dwarfs—but it did not report finding these molecules around a star.
What is perpendicular paramagnetic bonding?
It is a proposed way for a molecule to remain bound when an electron occupies an excited, antibonding orbital. In the usual picture, putting an electron in such an orbital weakens the bond and can lead to dissociation. The 2012 calculations found that, under the extreme magnetic fields they modeled, the energy balance could instead favor a bound hydrogen molecule.
The proposed arrangement is called “perpendicular” because the relevant molecular orbitals orient perpendicular to the magnetic field. The mechanism is distinct from familiar ionic and covalent bonding; the report does not suggest that it replaces those categories in ordinary chemistry.
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A magnetic field can alter the energies and arrangement of a molecule’s electronic states. In the calculations, the field was not treated as a small adjustment to ordinary chemistry. It was strong enough that the researchers had to account for a substantially different balance of molecular energies and orbital orientation.
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The result was based on full configuration-interaction calculations on hydrogen molecules. Chemistry World’s account of the work, led by Trygve Helgaker at the University of Oslo, appeared on 20 July 2012 and describes the finding as a theoretical prediction. Read the Chemistry World report.
Why mention white dwarfs?
White dwarfs can have very strong magnetic fields, making them a possible astrophysical setting in which unusual magnetic-field-dependent chemistry might matter. That connection is a motivation for considering the mechanism, not evidence that the predicted hydrogen molecules have been found in a white dwarf’s atmosphere.
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The 2012 report cites K. K. Lange and colleagues’ paper in Science (2012, volume 337, page 327; DOI 10.1126/science.1219703). Its comparison of the modeled fields with laboratory fields is a source-era illustration, not a current measurement of stellar conditions or an observation of this bond in space.
Has this bond actually been seen around a white dwarf?
The cited report presents a computational prediction, not an astronomical detection. It does not establish that molecules held together by perpendicular paramagnetic bonding are present around white dwarfs. The available sources here also do not establish whether later calculations or observations confirmed or revised the prediction, so its status beyond the original theoretical result should not be overstated.
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How is it different from vibrational bonding?
Vibrational bonding is a separate proposal and should not be used as another name for perpendicular paramagnetic bonding. A 2015 review discusses a proposed Br–Mu–Br system, where Mu is muonium, an exceptionally light atom. In that proposal, the light nucleus’s motion and zero-point energy can stabilize a system on a purely repulsive potential-energy surface. The review notes that definitive identification of a proposed paramagnetic species remained challenging; this is not evidence for the stellar magnetic-field mechanism. Read the 2015 review.
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