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Python’s json.dumps(sort_keys=True) can make output repeatable for a constrained application, but it does not by itself produce RFC 8785 canonical JSON. A signature covers bytes, not the abstract meaning of a dictionary: different key ordering, number formatting, whitespace, or Unicode handling can therefore make two implementations calculate different signatures for data that appears equivalent.
What a JSON signature actually signs
A JSON object has meaning as data, but a cryptographic hash or signature operates on a specific byte sequence. If one system emits {"a":1,"b":2} and another emits {"b": 2, "a": 1}, the objects may represent the same members and values, yet the bytes differ. Their hashes—and signatures over those hashes or bytes—will differ too.
RFC 8785, the JSON Canonicalization Scheme (JCS), defines an invariant JSON representation for repeatable cryptographic operations. Its abstract says: “Cryptographic operations like hashing and signing need the data to be expressed in an invariant format so that the operations are reliably repeatable.” The RFC was published in June 2020.
What RFC 8785 requires
JCS is not merely compact JSON with sorted keys. It combines an eligible input model, specified primitive serialization, and deterministic recursive property ordering. A conforming implementation must follow the whole scheme.
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- Input constraints: The input must fit the I-JSON subset. Object property names must be unique, strings must be representable as Unicode, and numbers must be expressible as IEEE 754 double-precision values. RFC 8785 recommends representing higher-precision values or longer integers as JSON strings.
- Primitive serialization: Literals, strings, and numbers use the specified ECMAScript-compatible rules. Number rendering can change a decimal spelling, including through binary64 rounding or canonical exponent formatting.
- Property ordering: Object properties are sorted recursively by their unescaped names, ordered as UTF-16 code units—not according to locale. Objects inside arrays are sorted the same way, but array element order is preserved.
- Whitespace and Unicode: Whitespace between tokens is removed. String data is preserved as-is; JCS does not normalize Unicode. Invalid Unicode, including lone surrogates, must cause an error rather than produce ambiguous output.
- Invalid numbers: NaN and positive or negative infinity are not valid JSON values for JCS and must be rejected.
Why Python’s standard encoder is not automatically JCS
The Python 3.13.16 standard-library documentation describes sort_keys=True as sorting dictionary output. It also documents separators, ensure_ascii, and allow_nan controls. Those are useful serialization options, but the documentation does not claim that their combination implements RFC 8785.
| Concern | Python encoder option or behavior | What JCS additionally requires |
|---|---|---|
| Object keys | sort_keys=True sorts dictionary output. |
Recursive ordering by UTF-16 code units. Ordinary Python key sorting is not a guarantee of this ordering for every Unicode key. |
| Whitespace | separators=(',', ':') removes the usual spaces after separators. |
Canonical output without whitespace between tokens, as part of the complete scheme. |
| Numbers | allow_nan=False raises ValueError for out-of-range float values such as NaN and infinities. |
ECMAScript-compatible binary64 number serialization, including canonical decimal or exponent forms. |
| Input integrity | Encoder options do not recover duplicate object names already discarded during parsing. | Reject duplicate names and enforce the scheme’s Unicode and number constraints before signing. |
For common ASCII keys, sorted output may look like the order you expect. That observation is not evidence of JCS compatibility. Numeric edge cases and non-ASCII property names can expose differences, and matching separator settings does not address them.
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Use a limited deterministic encoding only within its limits
If both ends of a protocol are controlled by one application and you only need repeatable output under a deliberately limited set of inputs, this pattern can be useful:
import json
payload = json.dumps(
value,
sort_keys=True,
separators=(',', ':'),
allow_nan=False,
ensure_ascii=False,
).encode('utf-8', errors='strict')This is an application-specific deterministic encoding, not an RFC 8785 implementation. Define and test the accepted data types and string policy, and keep the exact serialization behavior stable across every signer and verifier. Strict UTF-8 encoding can expose unpaired surrogates, but this small pattern does not provide all JCS validation or canonical number and key-ordering rules.
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Also reject duplicate names while parsing untrusted JSON. Once a parser has converted repeated names into a normal dictionary, a later encoder cannot know that the input contained duplicates. Python’s JSON decoder supports an object_pairs_hook; an application can use it to inspect each object’s pairs and raise an error when a name occurs more than once. This is input validation, not a substitute for canonicalization.
For interoperable signing across languages, use an implementation that explicitly claims RFC 8785/JCS conformance rather than adapting the standard encoder by assumption. RFC 8785’s appendix identifies a Python implementation in the cyberphone/json-canonicalization project. Before relying on any library, verify its supported versions, maintenance status, test vectors, duplicate-key policy, invalid-Unicode behavior, and numeric edge-case handling.
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Make the signing and verification steps agree
Canonicalization is a protocol decision: both parties need to canonicalize the same content under the same scheme and feed the intended bytes to the agreed cryptographic operation. RFC 8785 describes adding the signature property after signing the canonicalized data; on verification, the designated signature property is saved and removed before the remaining object is canonicalized.
- Define the signed content. Specify the canonicalization scheme, cryptographic algorithm, character encoding, and exactly which field contains the signature and is excluded from the signed object.
- Validate incoming data. Reject duplicate property names and values that violate the agreed input profile before constructing the bytes to be signed or verified.
- Canonicalize identically. Apply the same JCS implementation and profile at both ends; do not treat a local
json.dumpsconfiguration as interchangeable with JCS. - Use the canonical bytes. Sign or verify those bytes with the agreed algorithm and key. Do not parse and then reserialize with a different policy between canonicalization and the cryptographic operation.
- Test interoperability. Include non-ASCII keys, nested objects, arrays, numeric boundary cases, duplicate names, and invalid Unicode in tests. Compare canonical byte output as well as final signature verification.
If signatures fail despite apparently matching JSON, inspect the exact byte strings on both sides. Differences in a key’s sort position, number spelling, escaping, inserted whitespace, an unexpected signature-field inclusion, or the bytes passed into the cryptographic operation can each explain a mismatch.
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How to choose an implementation
Evaluate a candidate canonicalizer against the protocol, not just its package description. Look for explicit RFC 8785 conformance and maintained test vectors, then check that the implementation demonstrates the details that matter for your data:
- ECMAScript-compatible rendering of binary64 numbers, including exponent formatting and rounding behavior.
- Recursive UTF-16 code-unit ordering for non-ASCII property names, with array order preserved.
- A documented policy for duplicate keys, Unicode preservation, lone-surrogate rejection, and Unicode normalization.
- Clear rejection of NaN, infinities, and values outside the scheme’s input constraints.
- Agreement between signer and verifier on the excluded signature property and the precise bytes provided to the cryptographic primitive.
Passing a few ordinary examples is not enough to establish conformance. Treat test vectors and documented edge-case behavior as part of the implementation choice, and ensure that both sides of the protocol use a compatible implementation.
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