Use hidden or display: none when content should disappear and stop taking up space; use visibility: hidden when the space should remain. These choices also affect screen-reader exposure and browser Find behavior, so the right method depends on what “hidden” should mean for that content.
Choose a hiding method by its effect
| Method | What users see | Layout space | Assistive technology | Find in page or fragment navigation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
hidden |
Hidden when its state is honored | Usually none | Hidden across presentations, including from screen readers | Not intended for links to reveal hidden content |
hidden="until-found" |
Hidden initially; browser navigation can reveal it | May generate a box and retain visible margins, borders, padding, or background | Behavior is distinct from ordinary hidden; verify the target browser and assistive technology |
Find or fragment navigation can fire beforematch, remove the attribute, and scroll to the content |
display: none |
Hidden | None for the element and descendants | Removed from the accessibility tree, with a documented exception for visible aria-describedby or aria-labelledby references |
Does not reveal the content |
visibility: hidden |
Hidden | Ordinarily retained | Removed from the accessibility tree | Does not reveal the content |
aria-hidden="true" |
Unaffected visually | Unaffected | Removed from the accessibility API | Does not reveal the content |
content-visibility: auto |
Off-screen content may not be painted | Rendering optimization, not a general hide/show state | Off-screen content remains in the DOM and accessibility tree | Not a substitute for an expanded/collapsed interaction state |
The distinctions are based on the current MDN references for HTML hidden, CSS display, CSS visibility, aria-hidden, and content-visibility.
Use the HTML hidden attribute for currently irrelevant content
Add hidden when the content is not currently relevant to the page, or is being held for reuse rather than presented directly. The attribute is enumerated: it can be empty, set to hidden, or set to until-found. Even an invalid value puts the element in the hidden state.
<p hidden>This content is not relevant right now.</p>Ordinary hidden applies across presentations, including assistive technology. It is therefore not the right way to make something invisible to sighted users while keeping it available to screen-reader users. A visible link should not target content that is ordinarily hidden.
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Check your CSS if an element with hidden still appears: a winning CSS display declaration can override the attribute’s ordinary rendering. Also, hiding is not a security boundary. Scripts can still run, and hidden form controls can still submit.
Use display: none to remove content and its layout space
When an element and its descendants should produce no layout boxes, use display: none. The browser lays out the page as though they were absent, allowing later content to use the freed space.
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.is-removed-from-layout {
display: none;
}In typical use, the content is also removed from the accessibility tree. MDN documents an exception: hidden content referenced by a visible element’s aria-describedby or aria-labelledby can still be exposed to assistive technologies.
Use visibility: hidden when the gap should stay
visibility: hidden makes an element invisible while ordinarily retaining its layout space. It also removes the element and descendants from the accessibility tree.
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.is-hidden-but-reserves-space {
visibility: hidden;
}This is useful when preserving alignment or spacing matters. If the content should no longer occupy room, choose display: none instead.
Use hidden="until-found" for content Find can reveal
For collapsed content that should be discoverable through browser Find in page or fragment navigation, use hidden="until-found". When navigation reaches the content, the browser can fire a beforematch event, remove the attribute, and scroll to the target.
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This is not a drop-in version of ordinary hidden. It is commonly implemented with content-visibility: hidden, so the element can still generate a box and participate in layout; its margins, borders, padding, or background may remain visible. The element also needs layout containment to be revealed. MDN documents that display: none, display: contents, or display: inline prevents this reveal behavior. Check the target browser and assistive-technology combination before relying on it.
Use aria-hidden only to change accessibility exposure
aria-hidden="true" removes an element and its descendants from the accessibility API but does not change what appears on screen or how the page is laid out. It may suit redundant or decorative non-interactive material when that material should not be announced.
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Never put it on a focusable element or on an ancestor that contains focusable content. A keyboard user could still reach something that assistive technology has been told is not there. It is normally redundant when hidden, display: none, or visibility: hidden already removes content from the accessibility tree.
Do not use content-visibility: auto as a hide/show state
content-visibility: auto is a rendering optimization for off-screen content, not a general-purpose way to collapse or hide an interactive region. MDN says off-screen content remains in the DOM and accessibility tree. For an interactive disclosure, represent the expanded or collapsed state with appropriate HTML and accessibility state, then verify the behavior in the browsers and assistive technologies you support.
When content should stay available to screen readers
If content must be visually hidden but remain available to screen-reader users, do not use hidden, display: none, visibility: hidden, or aria-hidden="true" as a shortcut. Use a well-established visually-hidden CSS utility and verify its keyboard and focus behavior. The cited MDN references explain the distinction but do not prescribe one universal utility class.
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