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Python uses leading whitespace to decide which statements belong together in a block. If you see IndentationError: expected an indented block, a statement that should be inside a block—such as the body of an if statement—has not been indented beneath its header. Use consistent indentation, and follow the standard convention of four spaces per level.
How Python indentation groups code
In Python, indentation is the whitespace at the beginning of a logical line. It is part of the language syntax: it tells Python which statements form the body of constructs such as if, for, while, and def. The colon at the end of a header introduces a block; the following body lines must be indented beneath it.
if temperature > 25:
print("It is warm")
print("Consider some water")
print("Done")The two indented print statements are inside the if block. The final statement returns to the outer level, so it is not part of that block.
Python tracks indentation levels as it reads the code. Moving to a deeper level opens a block; moving back to an earlier level closes one or more blocks. A dedent must match a level already established in the active block structure—not just any position that happens to look aligned.
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Four spaces are the convention, not a parser requirement
PEP 8, the Python style guide, recommends four spaces for each indentation level and says, “Spaces are the preferred indentation method.” Four spaces are a style recommendation; Python’s block structure depends on consistent indentation levels, not on every level being exactly four spaces wide.
Tabs can be used when maintaining code that already uses tabs, but beginners should choose spaces and avoid mixing tabs and spaces. Python expands tabs to tab stops when calculating indentation. If mixed whitespace makes the indentation ambiguous, Python raises TabError.
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What common indentation errors mean
IndentationError: expected an indented block
A block-opening header is present, but Python did not find an indented body where one is required. For example:
if temperature > 25:
print("It is warm")Indent the body beneath the header:
if temperature > 25:
print("It is warm")Unexpected or inconsistent indentation
A line may be indented even though no block is open, may not line up with its intended sibling statements, or may dedent to a level Python has not seen before. A file that mixes tabs and spaces can also appear aligned in an editor while Python calculates a different indentation. The precise error name depends on the code and where Python detects the problem; not every indentation mistake raises the same exception.
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A practical checklist for fixing indentation
- Find the nearest block header. Look for a line ending in a colon, such as
if,for,while, ordef. Check that its body starts on the next logical line at a deeper indentation level. - Align sibling statements. Statements intended to be in the same block should start at the same indentation level.
- Match clauses to their opener. An
else,elif,except, orfinallyclause should align with the block it belongs to; statements inside the clause should be indented beneath it. - Inspect nearby lines, not only the reported line. The parser may report the place where it noticed the mismatch, even when a preceding line established the wrong block level.
- Normalize leading whitespace if needed. If copied code may contain tabs or mixed indentation, replace its leading indentation consistently with spaces. Use an editor command only when you know what it does.
Official references
- Python 3.14.8 Language Reference: Indentation explains indentation levels, tab expansion, and
INDENTandDEDENTtokens. - PEP 8: Style Guide for Python Code gives the four-space recommendation and explains the preference for spaces.
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