To prove an AI agent’s on-chain action was authorized, connect the asset owner’s grant to the agent’s wallet, bind that grant to the exact action, show the authorization check ran where the transaction could not bypass it, and link the check to a successful execution. A signature, identity record, policy verdict, or transaction receipt alone proves only part of that chain.
What evidence shows an AI agent was allowed to make this transaction?
A verifier needs to reconstruct the authorization as it stood when the transaction was executed. The evidence should identify the owner or delegator, the agent and its authorized wallet, the active policy, the exact action, the enforcement check, and the resulting on-chain execution.
- Identify the principal and wallet. Show who delegated authority, which agent received it, and which wallet acted. Include the method that binds the agent identity to that wallet.
- Show the applicable grant. Provide the policy version or a commitment the verifier can resolve, along with its permitted actions and targets, limits, activation and expiry, and any relevant revocation history.
- Bind approval to the attempted action. Supply a signature or proof covering the relevant chain and account context, agent, target, function and calldata or action commitment, value, nonce or other replay control, validity window, and policy identifier or root.
- Show the check was enforced. Establish that the account validation path, account policy module, or target contract checked the authorization before execution—not just that an off-chain service recorded an approval.
- Prove the transaction succeeded as authorized. Link the authorization evidence to the transaction hash, chain, block, account, target, decoded call data, receipt and relevant events, then verify the expected outcome or postcondition.
- Preserve an integrity-checkable record. Retain the policy and revocation state, signatures, nonces or nullifiers, attestations, execution evidence, and audit entries in a form that can be checked for alteration and, where needed, omission.
The key is the linkage: each item must refer to the same wallet, policy, action, and execution. Otherwise the evidence may be genuine yet fail to establish that this particular transaction was permitted.
How should the authorization proof bind the action?
The proof must distinguish the authorized action from a different action the agent might otherwise submit. A signature over a broad permission such as “may call this contract” is not enough to establish approval of a specific transfer or function call unless the enforcement mechanism also verifies the action against the policy.
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Useful signed or proven fields include the agent, target contract, value, function selector and arguments or a digest of the calldata, a nonce or equivalent uniqueness marker, expiry, and the policy hash or root. Include chain and account context where needed to prevent the same authorization from being replayed in another context. ERC-8196’s action and delegation structures include action details, nonce, expiry, policy hash and an entropy commitment; ERC-8273 describes a nonzero action digest binding target, function selector, arguments, and a nonce or equivalent uniqueness value.
Test the binding by changing a meaningful field. If changing the recipient, token, amount, target, or calldata leaves the proof valid, it does not prove that the altered action was the one approved. Expiry and nonce checks also matter: a valid proof should not authorize execution outside its time window or allow unintended reuse.
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Where must the check happen?
Authorization evidence is strongest when the check is part of the account’s validation path, an account policy module, or a target-contract gate that the agent cannot bypass while executing the action. An off-chain policy service can help evaluate requests, but its log alone is weak evidence if the agent can submit a transaction without passing through that service.
ERC-8196 describes an authenticated-wallet interface and policy enforcement. ERC-8273 describes an atomic attestAndCall path where the target can query an active attestation for the wallet, capability, and action digest. For its ERC-4337 UserOperation profile, ERC-8273 says implementations must check that the operation sender is the attested wallet, that the operation is authorized by the account’s nonce, signature, session-key, or module policy, and that the executed action matches the digest.
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ERC-4337 adds a programmable validation and execution path through smart accounts. Its EntryPoint is a concentrated trust point, so the verifier must assess the deployed implementation and configuration rather than infer correct enforcement from the standard alone.
Which authorization architecture should a verifier expect?
| Approach | Evidence available | What to assess | Important limit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Explicit wallet or module policy (ERC-8196 design) | Owner-defined permitted actions and contracts, value limits, time bounds, signatures, and a policy hash. | Policy visibility, expressiveness, revocation, gas and state costs, and audit trail. | A standard interface or design does not establish that a particular deployment implements it correctly. |
| Transaction-scoped attestation (ERC-8273) | An attestor’s on-chain statement, optionally tied to referenced evidence, a capability, and an action digest for the transaction. | Action specificity, attestor trust, atomicity, and compatibility with direct-wallet or ERC-4337 execution. | The attestation reflects the attestor’s assumptions; it is not necessarily itself a cryptographic proof. |
| Confidential policy verdict (ERC-8354) | A verifiable zero-knowledge verdict tied to the agent, policy root, action commitment, executor, expiry, and single-use nullifier. | Policy confidentiality, proof-system and verifier assumptions, root freshness, and action binding. | It proves the committed interpreter returned ALLOW, not that the hidden policy is safe or sensible; the executed action remains public on a public chain. |
Compare deployments on where enforcement occurs, how specifically the action is bound, how identity and wallet are linked, how replay and revocation are handled, how success is demonstrated, whether audit records are complete, and what the verifier must trust.
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How do you verify that the action actually executed?
A submitted transaction hash does not establish successful execution. Preserve the chain and block, account, target, decoded call data, receipt, relevant logs, and an outcome check that corresponds to the authorized action. Where possible, independently replay the relevant state and receipt checks.
ERC-8273 cautions that a low-level call to EntryPoint.handleOps returning without reverting may not prove target-action success: some implementations represent a failed UserOperation through an event. In that case, check the account or DApp receipt, event evidence, or another verifiable postcondition rather than treating the outer call’s success as the result.
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What does each piece of evidence prove—and what does it not?
- A valid signature supports that the corresponding key signed the fields it covers, subject to key security, domain separation, and implementation correctness. It does not prove that an omitted policy was applied.
- An identity registration can support a registered agent-to-wallet control relationship. ERC-8004 includes an
agentWalletfield and requires an EIP-712 signature for an externally owned account or ERC-1271 verification for a smart-contract wallet when changing the wallet. That identity link is not authorization for a particular transfer or call. - A policy verdict supports that a particular evaluation was accepted under the proof’s commitments and verifier assumptions. ERC-8354 states: “A Verdict is an integrity property only: it proves the committed interpreter was evaluated over the action and returned ALLOW. It says nothing about whether the underlying policy is correct, fair, or non-malicious.”
- A transaction receipt records an on-chain outcome, but must be linked to the authorization and decoded action to establish that the executed call was the one permitted.
- A hash-chained audit log can reveal edits to linked entries. It does not, by itself, prove that no entries were omitted; completeness may require anchored roots, independently held checkpoints, or other evidence.
- A standards document describes a design, not conformance, audit status, or safety of a deployed contract. Check the code, configuration, policy state, and execution at the relevant block.
How can records remain verifiable over time?
Retain the policy version and relevant revocations, the signatures and their domains, nonces or nullifiers, attestations, transaction receipts, and audit entries. ERC-8196 specifies a hash-chained audit trail and permits off-chain entries with periodic Merkle roots anchored on-chain. Anchoring or independently retaining checkpoints helps a verifier assess whether a supplied sequence is complete, not just whether its included entries were altered. Keep the material needed to reproduce the authorization check; a screenshot or vendor summary is not a substitute.
ERC-8196’s abstract describes wallets that execute transactions only when accompanied by verifiable cryptographic proof that the action complies with an owner-defined policy. That is a specification of the intended design, not evidence that any particular wallet deployment enforces it.
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