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Authorize every agent tool call in trusted code or the downstream service—not in the model’s reasoning. Check the authenticated principal, exact operation, target resource, and applicable policy at execution time; deny actions outside that scope, and require independent approval for sensitive operations. Treat tool availability, prompts, and ingested content as separate from permission.
Where should tool authorization happen?
The model can propose a tool call, but it must not grant itself permission to make one. Place the authorization decision in a trusted tool boundary or the downstream system that performs the operation. OWASP’s LLM06:2025 guidance states: “Implement authorization in downstream systems rather than relying on an LLM to decide if an action is allowed or not.”
At execution time, evaluate the authenticated actor, requested operation, target resource, and policy. Deny by default when the exact action is outside the allowed scope. A system prompt, model-generated risk label, or tool-selection step is not an enforcement boundary: a confused or manipulated model must not be able to bypass the check by changing its reasoning.
Separate discovery from permission
A tool may be listed, described, or selected without being authorized for a particular call. Discovery and classification help the agent understand what is available; they do not establish that the actor may invoke the tool, perform the requested operation, or access the specified resource. Validate those permissions when the call is about to execute.
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How should you limit an agent’s capabilities?
Apply least privilege at both the tool and resource levels. Expose only the operations needed for the task, and grant access only to the resources required. Prefer narrow, task-specific tools over broad interfaces such as a general-purpose shell, database credential, or API surface when a constrained operation will do.
- Separate operations: Distinguish read from write access rather than treating a tool as one all-or-nothing permission.
- Constrain targets: Specify which resources an operation may reach, not merely which tool may be called.
- Separate trust levels: Use different tool sets for tasks with different authority needs instead of exposing every capability to every agent context.
- Keep the check at execution: Re-evaluate the requested action against its scope even when the agent has been given access to the tool in general.
OWASP’s agent-security guidance identifies excessive agency as a risk when an agent can take actions beyond what a task requires. Reducing the exposed capability limits the consequences of a bad decision; it does not remove the need to authorize each action.
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How do you preserve the user’s identity and permissions?
When an agent acts for a user, evaluate the operation in that user’s authenticated context and within the user’s actual permissions. Do not let a broad service identity silently give the agent authority the requesting user does not have. If a service identity is involved, the trusted boundary should still enforce the intended user and task scope rather than treating the service’s wider access as blanket permission for the agent.
For each connector, including MCP integrations, make clear which principal is acting, how that principal is authenticated, what scope is granted, and how changes to that scope are reviewed. Authorization is only meaningful if the execution path reliably binds the call to the identity whose permissions the policy is supposed to enforce.
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Which actions need independent approval?
Identify operations whose effects are financially significant, administrative, destructive, privacy-sensitive, or externally visible. Require an approval step before those operations execute. Implement the gate in the tool extension or downstream service so the agent cannot skip it by producing different reasoning.
Approval should show the approver the specific proposed operation and enough detail to understand what it will affect. It supplements authorization; it does not replace it. The system must still check that the actor is permitted to perform the operation, and approval must not turn an out-of-scope action into an authorized one.
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How should agents handle prompt injection in content?
Indirect prompt injection occurs when an attacker places instructions in content—such as an email, webpage, or document—that the agent later reads. The agent may then be steered toward an unintended action even though the user did not directly provide the malicious instruction. NIST describes agent hijacking as indirect prompt injection through ingested data that can lead to unintended harmful actions.
Input filtering and segregation can help manage untrusted content, but they are not an authorization boundary. Keep tool and resource scope narrow, and continue to enforce policy after the model has interpreted that content. Apply the same principle to tool output: text returned by a tool is data to evaluate, not a new grant of authority.
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What should you review in an MCP deployment?
Review MCP authentication and authorization explicitly rather than assuming that a connected server or advertised tool is safe to invoke. OWASP’s MCP Top 10 calls out insufficient authentication and authorization, privilege escalation through scope creep, and command injection as risks.
- Confirm which principal authenticates to each MCP server and how authorization is applied.
- Review tool and resource scopes, including whether they distinguish read and write access and limit reachable resources.
- Check how commands are constructed and where their arguments are validated and authorized.
- Track how permissions can expand, who approves changes, and how grants are reviewed over time.
- Verify that downstream enforcement still applies when the model receives malicious instructions in content or tool responses.
How can you evaluate an authorization design?
Use these questions to assess an implementation or service. They are design criteria, not a vendor ranking.
| Area | What to verify |
|---|---|
| Enforcement point | Is the decision checked in trusted code or by the downstream system, rather than merely suggested in a prompt? |
| Granularity | Can permissions differ by tool, operation, resource, and read/write behavior? |
| Identity binding | Does execution preserve the requesting user’s identity and actual scope when the agent acts on that user’s behalf? |
| High-impact gate | Can policy require approval for a specific sensitive operation before it executes? |
| Untrusted-input resilience | Do tool boundaries continue enforcing policy if ingested content or a tool response contains malicious instructions? |
| Scope management | Are grants reviewable, and are changes controlled to reduce scope creep? |
These checks reflect OWASP’s guidance on tool security, excessive agency, prompt injection, and MCP risks. Taxonomies and guidance can change; consult the current OWASP and NIST materials when setting or revising a security policy.
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