bcrypt.hash(password, 10) is not automatically insecure: work factor 10 meets OWASP’s stated minimum for legacy bcrypt. But that minimum alone does not show that the choice is right for your application. Check the algorithm, the library’s handling of long passwords, and the cost your servers can sustain. For a new system, OWASP prefers Argon2id, with scrypt as an alternative when Argon2id is unavailable.
What does bcrypt cost 10 mean?
The 10 is bcrypt’s cost parameter, not 10 ordinary hashing rounds. The Node.js bcrypt package documentation explains that cost 10 corresponds to 210 rounds. As the cost rises, hashing and verification take more work; that raises the expense of testing guesses against a stolen hash, but also uses more server resources for legitimate logins.
OWASP’s Password Storage Cheat Sheet says bcrypt should be used only for legacy systems where Argon2 and scrypt are unavailable, and specifies a work factor of at least 10. That makes 10 a floor in this legacy-bcrypt guidance—not a universal security guarantee or a binding regulatory rule. OWASP Password Storage Cheat Sheet
How should you choose a bcrypt work factor?
There is no single cost setting that is right for every server. OWASP advises choosing the largest work factor the application can sustain, testing on the actual infrastructure and balancing login performance against attack resistance and resource-exhaustion risk. It offers a hash calculation time under one second as a general rule of thumb, not as a benchmark for your deployment. NIST likewise advises choosing the highest practical cost that does not harm verifier performance, then increasing it over time.
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Benchmark both hashing and verification on production-equivalent hardware under realistic load. Include expected login concurrency and monitor latency and resource use after deployment. A cost that works for one request may become a capacity or denial-of-service concern under many simultaneous requests; pair tuning with rate limiting and other application-level protections. NIST SP 800-63B-4
Does bcrypt truncate passwords after 72 characters?
The commonly documented limit is 72 bytes, not 72 characters. UTF-8 characters can use multiple bytes, so a password can hit the limit with fewer than 72 visible characters. OWASP says to enforce a maximum of 72 bytes or a lower limit if the implementation is more restrictive. The precise behavior for overlong input depends on the library and version; consult that package’s documentation rather than assuming the entire input is included.
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For the Node.js bcrypt package, the documentation describes use of the first 72 bytes and recommends upgrading to version 5.0.0 or later to avoid the security issues it documents. This is package-specific guidance, not a guarantee about every bcrypt implementation. Node.js bcrypt package documentation
Set an explicit, understandable password-length policy. OWASP’s Authentication Cheat Sheet recommends allowing a maximum password length of at least 64 characters, but that user-facing recommendation does not override bcrypt’s byte ceiling. Measure encoded bytes as well as characters and reject unsupported overlong values rather than silently treating distinct passwords as equivalent. Very long inputs can also create denial-of-service concerns. OWASP Authentication Cheat Sheet
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Should a new system use bcrypt, Argon2id, or scrypt?
OWASP’s current guidance prefers Argon2id for password storage, with scrypt as an alternative if Argon2id is unavailable; it positions bcrypt as a legacy option. These are guidance recommendations, not a substitute for checking library availability, deployment constraints, and any applicable requirements.
| Algorithm | OWASP guidance | Parameters or input detail |
|---|---|---|
| Argon2id | Preferred option in the cited Password Storage Cheat Sheet | Minimum: 19 MiB memory, 2 iterations, parallelism 1 |
| scrypt | Alternative when Argon2id is unavailable | Minimum: CPU/memory cost 217, block size 8 (1024 bytes), parallelization 1 |
| bcrypt | For legacy systems where Argon2 and scrypt are unavailable | Work factor of at least 10; commonly documented 72-byte input limit |
These are OWASP’s stated minimum configurations, not performance comparisons. Argon2id and scrypt include memory-related parameters; bcrypt uses a configurable work factor. Choose and tune the scheme for the verifier’s real capacity and security needs, and check the behavior of the specific implementation you deploy.
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How do you make future upgrades possible?
Store the algorithm and its parameters—including the cost factor—with each password verifier. NIST recommends retaining this metadata so a system can migrate schemes or costs. OWASP describes increasing the cost over time and rehashing a password after the user successfully authenticates. Accounts that cannot be upgraded through a successful login need a password-reset path.
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- Identify the implementation. Record the exact bcrypt library and version, then check its documentation for input limits, encoding behavior, and asynchronous APIs. For Node.js
bcrypt, follow the package’s recommendation to use v5.0.0 or later for the issues it describes. - Set and test the input policy. Define an explicit maximum that your chosen algorithm and library support. For bcrypt, check encoded byte length and reject unsupported inputs clearly.
- Measure the verifier. Benchmark hashing and verification on production-equivalent hardware with realistic concurrency. Select a sustainable cost and monitor performance and resource use.
- Evaluate alternatives for new systems. Assess Argon2id first, or scrypt if Argon2id is unavailable, against your framework and operational requirements.
- Upgrade on successful authentication. Verify using the stored scheme and parameters; if they are outdated, hash the password with the current settings and update the verifier. Keep a reset path for users who cannot complete that upgrade.
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