Two vulnerabilities in Mongoose, the MongoDB Object Data Modeling (ODM) library for Node.js, could let attacker-controlled input reach JavaScript evaluation in an application server. The first issue, CVE-2024-53900, was addressed in Mongoose 8.8.3; a bypass, CVE-2025-23061, affected versions before 8.9.5. Check the Mongoose version actually deployed and update to a current fixed release. This is a Mongoose library issue—not a MongoDB Server vulnerability.
What is affected—and what is not?
The vulnerabilities affect Mongoose, which applications use to model and interact with MongoDB data in Node.js. They do not describe a flaw in MongoDB Server or, generally, in the MongoDB Node.js driver itself. The remote code execution (RCE) described by security researchers targets the Node.js application process, not the database server.
OPSWAT’s technical analysis, published February 20, 2025, explains that Mongoose’s populate() feature can replace document references with related documents and accepts a match filter. In the vulnerable processing path, that filter could be passed to sift, a JavaScript utility that evaluates MongoDB-like filters locally in the application. User-controlled $where content could consequently reach JavaScript processing in the Node.js server context. Read OPSWAT’s technical analysis.
Which versions are affected?
| Issue | Vulnerable versions described by OPSWAT | Fix release | What changed |
|---|---|---|---|
| CVE-2024-53900 | Mongoose versions before 8.8.3 | 8.8.3, released November 26, 2024 | Blocked direct $where use in the relevant populate() match path. |
| CVE-2025-23061 | Mongoose versions before 8.9.5 | 8.9.5, released January 13, 2025 | Added an enhanced fix for the bypass of the earlier check. |
These are minimum versions for addressing the two issues discussed here, not a recommendation to stop at those releases. Update to the latest Mongoose version suitable for your application, and consult the OPSWAT mitigation and version guidance for its recommendation.
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Why did the second vulnerability matter?
The 8.8.3 patch checked for $where only among top-level properties. OPSWAT found that placing the operator inside $or evaded that single-level check, allowing the value to reach sift through the vulnerable path. The bypass was assigned CVE-2025-23061; OPSWAT demonstrated it on Mongoose 8.9.4 and identifies versions before 8.9.5 as affected.
The key lesson is that filtering a dangerous input only at the top level is insufficient when nested query operators can carry it onward. The issue is the unsafe flow into local JavaScript evaluation, rather than evidence that every use of MongoDB’s $where operator compromises a database.
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How to check and remediate your application
- Find the resolved dependency. Inspect the package manager lockfile and dependency tree for the installed Mongoose version. A broad range in
package.jsondoes not prove which version was resolved. - Check what is running. Confirm the dependency in production build artifacts, containers, and deployed releases; development files alone may not reflect production.
- Update Mongoose. Use a current release. For these vulnerabilities, 8.9.5 is the documented minimum that closes the bypass, while 8.8.3 addressed the original issue only.
- Rebuild and redeploy. Ensure the new dependency is included in the artifact actually deployed, then verify the resolved version in the running release.
Updating MongoDB Server alone is not a substitute: the affected component is Mongoose in the Node.js application. OPSWAT describes MetaDefender Core SBOM capabilities and MetaDefender Software Supply Chain as ways to identify listed software components and dependencies, but discovery tooling does not replace upgrading the vulnerable package. See OPSWAT’s tooling discussion.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.What is known about exploitation?
OPSWAT describes proof-of-concept exploitation in an example application. The cited material does not establish how prevalent exploitation is in the wild or provide a complete set of real-world authentication and exposure preconditions. It therefore does not support describing the issue as necessarily unauthenticated or claiming confirmed widespread exploitation. SecurityWeek also summarized the two CVEs and the potential application-server impact in its February 21, 2025 report. Read SecurityWeek’s report.
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OPSWAT’s timeline gives December 2, 2024 as the NVD disclosure date for CVE-2024-53900 and January 15, 2025 for CVE-2025-23061. The dates of the fixes precede those disclosure dates: November 26, 2024 for Mongoose 8.8.3 and January 13, 2025 for 8.9.5.
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