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Python’s built-in zip() pairs items from iterables by position and returns an iterator of tuples. By default, it stops when the shortest input runs out; use strict=True to catch unequal lengths or itertools.zip_longest() to pad shorter inputs.

How Python’s zip() works

zip(*iterables, strict=False) takes one or more iterables and yields tuples containing items at matching positions: the first tuple contains the first item from each input, the second contains the second, and so on. The official Python 3.14.7 built-in functions reference describes this behavior.

zip() is lazy: it produces values as you consume the returned iterator, rather than building all the tuples immediately. A loop or a call to list() consumes it.

names = ["Ada", "Linus", "Grace"]
roles = ["mathematician", "systems programmer", "computer scientist"]

for name, role in zip(names, roles):
    print(name, role)

Each loop iteration receives a two-item tuple, which Python unpacks into name and role.

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Zero or one input

Calling zip() with no arguments returns an empty iterator. With one iterable, it yields one-item tuples, such as (1,), not bare values.

What happens when input lengths differ?

By default, iteration ends as soon as the shortest input is exhausted. Any remaining items in longer inputs are ignored. For example:

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list(zip([1, 2, 3], ["a", "b"]))
# [(1, 'a'), (2, 'b')]

This is useful when the unmatched tail should not be processed. If the iterables are supposed to have equal lengths, though, default zip() can conceal a data mismatch.

Choose between truncating, checking, and padding

Need Use Behavior
Pair items by position and ignore any leftover tail zip(a, b) Stops at the shortest input.
Require equal lengths zip(a, b, strict=True) Raises ValueError if one input runs out before another.
Keep all items and fill shorter inputs itertools.zip_longest(a, b, fillvalue=...) Continues until the longest input is exhausted.

Use strict=True to detect a mismatch

Set strict=True when a length difference indicates a bug or invalid data. If lengths match, the resulting tuples are the same as with ordinary zip(). If they do not, consuming the iterator raises ValueError.

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list(zip([1, 2, 3], ["a", "b"], strict=True))
# ValueError: zip() argument 2 is shorter than argument 1

The strict parameter was added in Python 3.10. It is not available in older Python versions; the Python 3.10 release notes document the addition.

Use zip_longest() to pad

If you want to retain every item from the longer inputs, import zip_longest() from itertools. Its default padding value is None; pass fillvalue to choose a different value.

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from itertools import zip_longest

list(zip_longest([1, 2, 3], ["a", "b"], fillvalue="?"))
# [(1, 'a'), (2, 'b'), (3, '?')]
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Transpose or unzip paired data

zip() can turn rows into columns. The unpacking operator * passes each row as a separate input iterable:

rows = [(1, "a"), (2, "b")]
columns = list(zip(*rows))
# [(1, 2), ('a', 'b')]

Similarly, if you already have paired data, unpacking the zipped iterator separates the positions into iterables:

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pairs = [(1, "a"), (2, "b")]
 numbers, letters = zip(*pairs)
# numbers == (1, 2); letters == ('a', 'b')

Split an iterable into fixed-size chunks

A documented zip() idiom uses the same iterator repeatedly to consume successive groups of n items. With strict=True, the final group must be complete or iteration raises ValueError.

data = "ABCDEFG"
n = 3

chunks = list(zip(*[iter(data)] * n, strict=True))
# ValueError: the final chunk contains only one item

Here each repeated reference points to the same iterator, so each output tuple consumes the next n items from that one iterator. Use this form only when an incomplete final chunk should be an error. The built-in functions reference also specifies that iterable arguments are evaluated from left to right.

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