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Use Python’s built-in max() to find the largest item in a list or other iterable. For a dictionary, add key= to compare mapped values and return the associated key or key-value pair.
Find the largest item in a list
Pass a list, tuple, or other iterable as the single argument to max():
numbers = [3, 5, 9, 1]
largest = max(numbers)
print(largest) # 9In this form, Python returns the largest item in the iterable. The built-in function also accepts two or more positional arguments, in which case it returns the largest argument rather than treating those arguments as one collection. See the Python built-in functions documentation.
largest = max(3, 5, 9, 1) # 9Use key= to compare by a property
When you want to rank items by something other than the items’ direct values, pass a function to key=. Python calls it once for each item and compares the returned values. The result is still the original item, not the value produced by the key function.
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words = ["pear", "watermelon", "fig"]
longest = max(words, key=len)
print(longest) # watermelonGet the dictionary key with the largest value
Iterating over a dictionary yields its keys. To return the key whose mapped value is greatest, use the dictionary’s get method as the ranking function:
scores = {"Mina": 84, "Leo": 91, "Kai": 77}
top_scorer = max(scores, key=scores.get)
print(top_scorer) # LeoTo return both the key and its value, compare the dictionary’s key-value pairs by the value at index 1:
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top_pair = max(scores.items(), key=lambda item: item[1])
print(top_pair) # ('Leo', 91)Handle empty input safely
Calling max() on an empty iterable without a fallback raises ValueError. If an empty input is expected, pass default= with a value that makes sense for your program:
largest = max([], default=0)
print(largest) # 0Choose the fallback carefully: it is returned when there is no item to compare, so it should not be mistaken for a maximum that came from the data. The default argument applies to the single-iterable form, not the form that takes multiple positional values.
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Understand ties and supported call forms
If multiple items share the maximum comparison value, max() returns the first one encountered. When a different tie-break rule is required, include it in the key function or select among the tied items explicitly.
The documented forms are max(iterable, *, key=None), max(iterable, *, default, key=None), and max(arg1, arg2, *args, key=None). The default parameter was added in Python 3.4; allowing key=None was added in Python 3.8. For the full behavior, consult the official Python reference.
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