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How to write a large integer with underscores
For decimal integer literals, put one underscore between digits. Python ignores the separators when it determines the number’s value, so 100_000_000_000, 100000000000, and 1_00_00_00_00_000 all represent the same integer. The [Python 3.14.8 Language Reference](https://docs.python.org/3/reference/lexical_analysis.html) documents these equivalent spellings.
Grouping digits in threes is a familiar convention for decimal numbers, but Python does not require groups of exactly three. The grammar allows a single underscore between digits, so choose a grouping that makes the literal easiest to inspect.
Where underscores are allowed—and where they are not
An underscore must follow the literal’s numeric grammar; it is not valid at any arbitrary position. These examples show common valid and invalid spellings:
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| Spelling | Valid? | Why |
|---|---|---|
1_234_567 |
Yes | Each underscore separates digits. |
_123 |
No | An integer literal cannot start with an underscore. |
321_ |
No | An integer literal cannot end with an underscore. |
123__321 |
No | Two underscores cannot appear together in the digit sequence. |
0123 |
No | A nonzero decimal integer cannot have a leading zero. |
The minus sign is an operator, not part of an integer literal: -1 means unary minus applied to the literal 1. For the complete lexical rules, see the [language reference](https://docs.python.org/3/reference/lexical_analysis.html).
Grouping binary, octal, and hexadecimal literals
Underscores also work in integer literals written with explicit base prefixes: 0b for binary, 0o for octal, and 0x for hexadecimal. You can group digits to expose meaningful bit, byte, or word boundaries:
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mask = 0b_1111_0000groups binary digits into nibbles.address = 0xCAFE_F00Dseparates hexadecimal digits into word-like groups.0x_1fis valid: one underscore may immediately follow a base prefix.
That prefix allowance does not make every placement valid: 0_x1f and 0x__1f are invalid. The [Python 3.14.8 Language Reference](https://docs.python.org/3/reference/lexical_analysis.html) specifies the permitted positions. PEP 515 explains the readability rationale and gives examples of grouping decimal values by thousands, hexadecimal values by words, and binary values by nibbles: [PEP 515](https://peps.python.org/pep-0515/).
Literal separators are different from output formatting
Writing large_value = 1_234_567 makes the source code easier to read. It does not determine how that value will appear when your program displays it. To add separators to formatted output, use Python’s format mini-language, for example:
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large_value = 1234567
print(f'{large_value:_}') # 1_234_567In Python 3.14.8, the _ formatting option groups decimal integers and floating-point presentation types every three digits. For binary, octal, and hexadecimal integer presentation types, it groups every four digits. The locale-aware n presentation type is a separate formatting choice. See the [format specification mini-language reference](https://docs.python.org/3/library/string.html) for the details.
When this syntax is available
Underscores in numeric literals were introduced in Python 3.6. PEP 515, authored by Georg Brandl and Serhiy Storchaka and finalized for Python 3.6, proposed digit separators to make long literals and values with meaningful parts easier to read: [PEP 515](https://peps.python.org/pep-0515/).
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