tight_layout() does not accept wspace or hspace. To set subplot gaps directly, use subplots_adjust(wspace=..., hspace=...). Use tight_layout() when you want Matplotlib to adjust padding around labels and titles automatically; its spacing controls are pad, w_pad, and h_pad.
Set subplot gaps with subplots_adjust
Pass wspace and hspace to the figure’s subplots_adjust method when you want explicit control over horizontal and vertical gaps:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
fig, axs = plt.subplots(2, 2)
fig.subplots_adjust(wspace=0.35, hspace=0.45)
You can also call plt.subplots_adjust(wspace=..., hspace=...). The parameters are fractions of the average Axes width and height, respectively—not fixed pixel values. For example, wspace=0.35 specifies horizontal padding equal to 0.35 times the average Axes width. See the Matplotlib 3.11.2 subplots_adjust API.
Use tight_layout for automatic padding
For automatic adjustment to help fit tick labels, axis labels, and titles, call tight_layout() with its supported padding arguments:
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fig.tight_layout(pad=1.1, w_pad=0.8, h_pad=0.8)
These example values are illustrative; the right settings depend on the figure. The documented arguments work as follows:
pad: padding between the figure edge and the subplot area, as a fraction of font size.w_pad: horizontal padding between subplots, as a fraction of font size. It defaults topad.h_pad: vertical padding between subplots, as a fraction of font size. It defaults topad.rect: optional(left, bottom, right, top)bounds, expressed in normalized figure coordinates, within which the subplot area should fit.
Consult the Matplotlib 3.11.2 tight_layout API for the full parameter definitions. The guide notes that tight layout checks tick-label, axis-label, and title extents, and may not work in some cases.
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Do not treat the layout settings as interchangeable
Although subplots_adjust and tight_layout both affect spacing, their values use different units and rules. A value such as 0.2 does not mean the same amount of space in both APIs.
| Goal | API | Spacing controls and units |
|---|---|---|
| Set subplot gaps directly | subplots_adjust() |
wspace and hspace: fractions of average Axes width and height |
| Automatically adjust padding around and between subplots | tight_layout() |
pad, w_pad, and h_pad: fractions of font size; the two directional pads default to pad |
| Use constraint-based automatic layout | layout="constrained" or the constrained layout engine |
wspace and hspace control spacing between Axes as fractions of figure space; pads around Axes are in inches |
Consider constrained layout for broader automatic handling
Constrained layout is a separate layout engine; its wspace and hspace are not tight_layout arguments. In Matplotlib 3.11.2, the layout-engine API documents defaults of 0.02 for each spacing parameter and 0.04167 inches for each pad. It spreads spacing among the gaps: with three columns, for example, wspace=0.2 allocates 0.1 of figure width to each column gap. When spacing is smaller than the corresponding pad, the pad is used. See the Matplotlib 3.11.2 layout-engine API.
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Matplotlib describes constrained layout as more modern and generally giving better results than tight layout, but the best choice depends on the figure. Use explicit subplots_adjust values when you need direct gap control, tight_layout for its automatic padding adjustment, and constrained layout when broader automatic figure-layout handling is useful. Neither automatic approach should be assumed to handle every artist or custom arrangement.
Check version-specific documentation
The API details above refer to Matplotlib 3.11.2; the configuration reference cited for layout defaults is 3.11.0. If you use another release, check its documentation and the behavior of your installed version rather than assuming every default is identical. The Matplotlib customization tutorial also documents subplot and layout spacing rcParams.
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