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1. Define the scope and map trust boundaries
Start by recording exactly what you are testing. OWASP recommends retaining the tested agent version, model provider, tool policy, and retrieval configuration. For a useful assessment, also capture the prompts and policies, tool inventory and schemas, identity and credential scopes, memory behavior, and integrations in scope. These details let you reproduce a result and distinguish a change in the agent from a change in its environment.
Map how user-controlled or third-party content reaches the model. NIST describes agent hijacking as malicious instructions inserted into data an agent ingests, exploiting weak separation between trusted instructions and untrusted external data.
- Chat messages and API fields
- Uploaded documents and retrieved knowledge
- Web pages and email
- Tool and API responses
- Memory writes and inter-agent messages
For each surface, note what the content could affect: the response, tool choice, tool arguments, a state change, a memory write, or delegation. Test the actual channel. An instruction embedded in a retrieved page tests a different boundary from the same instruction pasted into the user prompt.
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Use a disposable test environment and synthetic data. OWASP advises against putting real secrets in prompts used for testing.
2. Test prompt injection and goal hijacking
Try to make the agent disregard its trusted instructions or take an action beyond the user’s original request. Cover direct attacks in user messages and indirect attacks embedded in files, web pages, tool output, and other external content.
Run separate single-turn and multi-turn tests
Test a single-turn override on its own, then test multi-turn attempts in a separate sequence. Include gradual or crescendo attacks that build toward a prohibited action over several exchanges. The OWASP AI Exchange recommends treating these as distinct tests.
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Check whether untrusted content can silently replace system or developer instructions, change the task, or trigger an action the user did not request. Also supply malformed, ambiguous, stale, or conflicting tool responses. Record whether the agent pauses, rejects the response, safely narrows its next step, or continues—and whether tool-side enforcement still holds.
3. Verify tool access and authorization
Inspect the tools actually available to the model. Remove unused operations and narrow over-broad ones. Where possible, expose a constrained read operation instead of a combined read, write, and delete operation. OWASP identifies excessive functionality, excessive permissions, and excessive autonomy as common causes of excessive agency.
For every proposed tool call, authorization should be enforced outside the model. Check that the server evaluates the user and session context, resource, action, and parameters, and that the proposed action fits the user’s original intent. The model’s confidence or refusal behavior is not an authorization control.
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Exercise authorization failures deliberately
- Have a low-privilege user request a privileged action.
- Try cross-tenant identifiers and substitute parameters.
- Attempt to call hidden, deprecated, or task-irrelevant tools.
- Ask the model to propose a call that should be denied, then verify rejection at the tool boundary.
Include high-impact actions in approval tests. Confirm that approval is valid, unexpired, and bound to the exact parameters. Attempt to replay an approval, change arguments after approval, or use an approval issued to another user.
Check denial and recovery behavior
Invalid requests should produce no unauthorized action. Denial messages should not disclose credentials. Test whether automatic retries can repeat a partially completed high-impact operation; retries must not turn a safe denial or partial failure into a duplicate side effect.
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Seed the environment with synthetic sensitive data that the test caller is not authorized to access. Try to cause the agent to expose it through tool arguments, tool results, citations, logs, or the final response. OWASP lists exfiltration across tool calls and outputs as an abuse case.
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Test memory isolation
Try to persist malicious instructions in memory, then check whether they influence another user, session, or later task. Verify that memory is appropriately scoped, sanitized, expired, or rejected.
Test delegation and action chains
If the agent delegates work, test whether an instruction or output from one agent can make another exceed its own permissions or trust boundary. Exercise repeated calls, retries, recursion, and long plans. Confirm that depth, retry, token or cost, timeout, and circuit-breaker limits stop runaway behavior.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.5. Automate tests and gate releases
Keep adversarial cases and expected denials under version control, using synthetic fixtures rather than live customer data or secrets. Run regression tests in CI/CD whenever agent templates, prompts, tools, tool policies, memory, retrieval, or approval logic change.
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Require updated tests when high-risk tool policies, approval logic, or credential scopes change. Block a release if required tests are missing or if the agent violates authorization expectations. Test the deployed configuration before production; a passing result applies to the tested model and provider configuration, not automatically to another one.
6. Preserve evidence and report residual risk
Retain the exact agent version, model provider, tool policy, and retrieval configuration; the abuse cases and expected results; observed approval, denial, timeout, and circuit-breaker behavior; and residual risks with their compensating controls.
For each finding, record:
- The input surface and attacker precondition
- The requested action and the actual tool call or data exposure
- The policy that should have applied and the severity rationale
- Reproduction steps using synthetic fixtures
- An owner and the retest result
Which OWASP guidance should you use?
These resources serve different purposes. OWASP AISVS 1.0 is a broad lifecycle catalogue; the OWASP AI Agent Security Cheat Sheet focuses on agent abuse cases, release gates, and retained validation evidence. OWASP LLM06:2025 explains excessive agency, while the OWASP AI Exchange offers guidance on testing agentic systems, including indirect prompt-injection surfaces, multi-turn sequences, and retrieval authorization. NIST’s technical blog provides a framing for agent hijacking and instruction/data separation.
| Resource | Best fit | Published scope or focus |
|---|---|---|
| OWASP AISVS 1.0 | Broad security requirements across the AI application lifecycle | OWASP says the 2026 edition has 191 requirements across 12 chapters and three appendices; each requirement has verification level 1, 2, or 3. |
| OWASP AI Agent Security Cheat Sheet | Agent-specific abuse cases, release gates, and evidence retention | Practical guidance for testing and validating agent security. |
| OWASP LLM06:2025 Excessive Agency | Understanding risks from excessive tool functionality, permissions, or autonomy | Explains how excessive agency can lead to harmful actions. |
| OWASP AI Exchange | Testing agentic AI, including indirect injection and multi-turn attacks | Includes guidance on external prompt-injection surfaces and retrieval authorization. |
| NIST technical blog on agent hijacking | Framing indirect injection and separation of trusted instructions from external data | Discusses strengthening agent-hijacking evaluations. |
OWASP describes AISVS as open, vendor-neutral, free to use, and testable. Use the broad standard to structure lifecycle coverage, and the agent-focused guidance to shape abuse cases and repeatable release evidence.
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