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To upload one file without leaving the page, let the user select it with an HTML file input, add it to FormData, and send that data in a POST request with fetch(). Your server must provide an endpoint that accepts the request and enforces its own file-type and size rules.

Choose one file in HTML

Use an <input type="file"> control. Leave off the multiple attribute to make the control a single-file picker. The browser exposes the selection as a FileList through the input’s files property. A form control needs a name to be included when you build FormData from the form.

<form id="upload-form">
  <label for="upload-file">Choose one file</label>
  <input id="upload-file" name="file" type="file" required>
  <button type="submit">Upload</button>
</form>

The optional accept attribute can suggest which file types the chooser should show, but it does not verify a file’s contents or protect the server.

Send the file with FormData and fetch

For a form-based upload, create FormData from the form and pass it as the body of a POST request. Do not set the Content-Type header yourself: the browser must generate the multipart boundary that separates the request’s parts.

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const form = document.querySelector("#upload-form");

form.addEventListener("submit", async (event) => {
  event.preventDefault();
  const formData = new FormData(form);

  try {
    const response = await fetch("/upload", {
      method: "POST",
      body: formData,
    });

    if (!response.ok) {
      throw new Error(`Upload failed: ${response.status}`);
    }

    // Handle the response returned by your endpoint.
  } catch (error) {
    console.error(error);
  }
});

Here, /upload is an example route, not a built-in browser destination. Replace it with the path your application’s server implements, and adapt response handling to what that endpoint returns. JavaScript sends the file in the request; it does not by itself save the file on a server. See MDN’s FormData guide for details on constructing and sending form data.

Append a file directly

If you are not submitting an existing form, create a fresh FormData object and append the selected file. For example:

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const input = document.querySelector("#upload-file");
const file = input.files[0];

if (file) {
  const formData = new FormData();
  formData.append("file", file);

  const response = await fetch("/upload", {
    method: "POST",
    body: formData,
  });
}

Use the field name your server expects in append(); the example uses file.

Choose between fetch and XMLHttpRequest

Use fetch() when an asynchronous request is enough and the page only needs to handle the result after the request completes. If the interface must show upload progress while bytes are being sent, MDN’s file-upload example uses XMLHttpRequest, whose upload API supports progress events. See MDN’s file upload example.

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A normal HTML form submission is another option when browser navigation to the server’s response is acceptable. Use JavaScript with fetch() when you want to keep the current page in place and update it after the server responds.

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Validate and protect uploads on the server

File-picker hints and browser-side checks improve the user experience, but clients can bypass them. The server must decide which file types it accepts and enforce request and file-size limits. Those limits depend on the application and its deployment; there is no universal maximum that applies to every upload.

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  • Validate the actual uploaded content and enforce an explicit allowlist of accepted types.
  • Treat the submitted filename as untrusted input; validate it or replace it with a server-generated name.
  • Set size limits for both files and requests, and return a useful error when a limit is exceeded.
  • Choose storage and serving practices that prevent uploaded content from being used to attack your site or other users.

MDN notes that upload risks depend on how the server handles incoming data, not on the HTML form alone. Read MDN’s form-data guidance alongside your server framework’s upload documentation.

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