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Use Python’s built-in csv module: pass a list of row sequences to csv.writer, or use csv.DictWriter when each row is a dictionary with named fields. Open the file with newline='' so the CSV module handles line endings correctly.

Write a list of rows to a CSV file

When each inner list represents one record and its values are already in column order, use writerows() to write them all. The first row below contains labels, so it becomes the header; the writer does not create a header automatically.

import csv

rows = [
    ["name", "age"],
    ["Ada", 36],
    ["Linus", 55],
]

with open("people.csv", "w", newline="") as csvfile:
    writer = csv.writer(csvfile)
    writer.writerows(rows)

To write only one record, call writer.writerow(row) instead. For an iterable of multiple records, use writer.writerows(rows). The official Python 3.14.8 CSV documentation describes CSV as a common import and export format for spreadsheets and databases.

Write separate column lists as CSV rows

csv.writer accepts rows, not separate column lists. If your data is organized by column, combine corresponding values into row sequences first. For equal-length columns, zip() pairs the values by position:

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import csv

names = ["Ada", "Linus"]
ages = [36, 55]

with open("people.csv", "w", newline="") as csvfile:
    writer = csv.writer(csvfile)
    writer.writerow(["name", "age"])
    writer.writerows(zip(names, ages))

Here the two lists have matching lengths, so each name is paired with the age at the same index. If column lists have unequal lengths, decide deliberately how to handle the unmatched values and preserve the intended row alignment before writing. Do not rely on the writer to infer missing table structure.

Write a table of dictionaries with named columns

Use csv.DictWriter when each record is a dictionary. Its required fieldnames argument defines the output column order. Call writeheader() if the file should include those names as its first row.

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import csv

rows = [
    {"name": "Ada", "age": 36},
    {"name": "Linus", "age": 55},
]

with open("people.csv", "w", newline="") as csvfile:
    fieldnames = ["name", "age"]
    writer = csv.DictWriter(csvfile, fieldnames=fieldnames)
    writer.writeheader()
    writer.writerows(rows)

By default, a dictionary key not listed in fieldnames causes a ValueError. A field missing from a row is written as an empty string by default. You can set restval to choose another value for missing fields. Set extrasaction='ignore' only if discarding unexpected keys is intentional.

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Choose between writer and DictWriter

Use Input shape Column order Header Unexpected or missing fields
csv.writer Rows as ordered sequences, such as lists or tuples Comes from the order of values in each row Write a header row yourself if needed There are no dictionary keys to validate; ensure each row’s values are in the intended order
csv.DictWriter Rows as dictionaries with named fields Set explicitly with required fieldnames Call writeheader() if wanted Extra keys raise ValueError by default; missing fields use restval, which defaults to an empty string

CSV details that affect the output

  • Open with newline=''. This is the documented way to open a file object for the CSV writer; it lets the module manage newline handling.
  • Let the writer handle quoting. Under the default Excel dialect and minimal-quoting behavior, fields containing delimiters, quote characters, or newlines are quoted as needed. Avoid building CSV lines with manual comma concatenation.
  • Configure a different format when needed. Spreadsheet and database applications can expect different delimiters or quoting conventions. Select a suitable dialect or set formatting parameters explicitly if the recipient requires something other than the default Excel dialect.
  • Account for type conversion. Values other than strings are converted with str(); None is written as an empty string. That conversion cannot distinguish None from an intentionally empty value without an additional convention.
  • Do not expect Python types to round-trip automatically. CSV is text serialization, and the standard CSV reader returns strings by default. Convert values back to numbers, dates, or other types as needed when reading.

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