The A4WP Version 1.0 Baseline System Specification (BSS) describes a resonant wireless-power system in which one power transmitter can supply one or more receivers while a separate wireless link manages the charging session. Its central distinction is between the 6.78 MHz link that transfers power and a 2.4 GHz Bluetooth Low Energy link used for management. The 2013 paper by Ryan Tseng, Bill von Novak, Sumukh Shevde and Kamil A. Grajski is an overview of that specification, not the complete normative document.
What is the A4WP Version 1.0 specification?
A4WP was the Alliance for Wireless Power. Its Version 1.0 BSS was approved in January 2013, as reported by Tseng and co-authors in their [IEEE conference paper](https://doi.org/10.1109/WPT.2013.6556883). The paper was presented at the IEEE Wireless Power Transfer Conference in Perugia, Italy, on May 15–16, 2013.
The paper explains the system’s architecture and major protocol areas: transmitter and receiver classification, interfaces and parameters, session management, power control, signaling, and a certification and acceptance-testing framework. It is useful for understanding the design, but it does not replace the complete Version 1.0 specification when exact conformance limits or test procedures matter.
How does A4WP resonant wireless power work?
The overview characterizes A4WP as loosely coupled (LC), non-radiative near-field magnetic-resonance power transfer. In practical terms, energy moves through magnetic coupling between resonant transmitter and receiver structures. The design aimed to allow more freedom in device placement than a tightly aligned charging arrangement, including some tolerance for horizontal placement changes, and to support more than one receiving device.
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Those are design attributes, not a promise of a particular charging distance, efficiency, placement area, or compatibility for every product. The overview does not establish universal performance figures.
How the transmitter, receivers, and two links fit together
A4WP uses a star topology. A power transmitting unit (PTU) communicates with one or more power receiving units (PRUs). Power travels from the PTU to the PRU or PRUs; session and power-control management is a distinct function with communication in both directions.
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| Function | Link described in the overview | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Power transfer | 6.78 MHz | Transfers energy from PTU to PRU. |
| WPT management | 2.4 GHz using Bluetooth Low Energy (Bluetooth LE) | Supports bidirectional management signaling, including session and power-control functions. |
The frequencies serve different purposes: the 2.4 GHz management link is not the power-transfer frequency. A PTU’s ability to interact with multiple PRUs describes the architecture; it does not, on its own, establish how much power a given product can deliver, which receivers it supports, or whether simultaneous charging performs equally across devices.
What Version 1.0 covers—and what it does not establish
Tseng et al. survey PTU and PRU classifications, system interfaces and parameters, management and signaling, and a certification and acceptance-testing framework using reference transmit and receive resonators. The article is an explanatory map of these subjects rather than a substitute for the normative BSS.
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- Use the full specification for conformance. Exact thresholds, class limits, and test requirements should be taken from the applicable normative document, not inferred from the overview.
- Do not infer product performance. The overview does not establish a universal range, efficiency, charging rate, or placement tolerance.
- Do not infer compatibility from the word “resonant.” A resonant coil or generic wireless-power product is not shown to conform to A4WP merely by using resonance.
Version history and present-day compatibility
A later A4WP BSS Version 1.2.1 document is dated May 7, 2014, in the [ARIB-hosted specification](https://www.arib.or.jp/english/html/overview/doc/6-STD-T66v1_2_1.pdf). This confirms that the 2013 Version 1.0 overview is not the last A4WP revision; it does not establish that a particular product supports either revision.
In 2015, A4WP and the Power Matters Alliance (PMA) merged to form the AirFuel Alliance, according to an [ITU-R report from 2017](https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-r/opb/rep/R-REP-SM.2303-2-2017-PDF-E.pdf). That organizational history alone does not prove present-day certification, backward compatibility, or interoperability. For a product or implementation, check explicit documentation for its supported frequency, interfaces, specification revision, and certification basis. The available evidence does not establish a current compatibility roster.
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When this overview is useful
The paper is a useful starting point for readers who need to understand A4WP’s system model: resonant power transfer at 6.78 MHz, a separate Bluetooth LE management link at 2.4 GHz, and a PTU-centered topology that can include multiple PRUs. Engineers making implementation or compliance decisions should consult the complete normative specification for the relevant revision and the applicable certification materials rather than treating an overview as a test standard.
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