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JavaScript functions package work into callable values; object CRUD means creating, reading, updating, and deleting an object’s properties. Use function declarations for named reusable operations, expressions or arrows where their behavior fits, and ordinary property access and assignment for most object changes. Remember that Object.assign() mutates its target and copies only shallowly, while Object.freeze() protects only the object you pass—not its nested objects.
Choose a function form by behavior, not just syntax
All three forms create callable functions, but they differ in when they can be used and how they handle this, arguments, and construction.
| Form | Example | Key behavior | Typical use |
|---|---|---|---|
| Function declaration | function greet(name) { return `Hello, ${name}`; } |
The declaration is hoisted within its scope, so it can be called before its textual position. | Named reusable operations. |
| Function expression | const greet = function (name) { return `Hello, ${name}`; }; |
The function value is assigned as part of an expression; the variable must be initialized before it is used. | Functions stored in variables or passed as values. |
| Arrow function | const greet = name => `Hello, ${name}`; |
Uses the surrounding lexical this; has no own this, arguments, super, or new.target, and cannot be called with new. |
Short callbacks and functions intended to inherit surrounding this. |
Hoisting does not mean every function-like variable can be called early. For example, a const or let holding a function expression or arrow function is not initialized until its declaration runs. A function declaration is often the clearest choice for a named operation; an arrow is not a universal replacement for object methods or constructors. See MDN’s Functions guide and function reference for details.
How arguments and return values work
Parameters are the names listed in a function definition; arguments are the values supplied when it is called. JavaScript passes argument values. When an argument is an object, that value refers to the same object, so changing a property through the parameter is visible through other references to it. Reassigning the parameter itself does not reassign the caller’s variable.
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function setActive(user) {
user.active = true; // changes the shared object
user = { active: false }; // only rebinds the local parameter
return user;
}
const account = { active: false };
const result = setActive(account);
// account.active is true; result.active is falseA function produces its result with return. If execution reaches the end without a value-bearing return, the call evaluates to undefined. The Function constructor can compile text at runtime, but it does not close over local variables and is not the ordinary choice for defining functions.
Create, read, update, and delete object properties
An object holds properties whose keys are strings or Symbols and whose values may be any JavaScript value, including functions. For routine records, an object literal is usually the clearest way to create one.
const user = { name: "Ari", active: true };Read a property
Use dot notation when the key is a suitable identifier, or bracket notation for a dynamic key or a key containing spaces or punctuation.
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const name = user.name;
const key = "active";
const isActive = user[key];
const lastLogin = user["last login"];Update or add a property
Assignment changes an existing property or creates a new own property on an extensible object.
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user.active = false;
user["last login"] = new Date();Delete an own property
delete removes a property from the object itself. It does not remove a property inherited from the object’s prototype. Deleting a field is different from assigning undefined: in the latter case, the property remains present.
delete user.active;
const example = { status: undefined };
// example.status is undefined, but the property still existsA property whose value is a function is commonly called a method. If you need to choose an explicit prototype rather than use the usual object-literal approach, JavaScript also provides Object.create(proto). MDN’s Working with objects guide covers these property operations and object creation.
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Use Object.assign() with its mutation and shallow-copy behavior in mind
Object.assign(target, source) copies enumerable own properties from one or more sources onto the target, then returns that same target. Later sources overwrite earlier values when keys collide. This is a mutation of the target, not an immutable update by itself.
const defaults = { theme: "light", alerts: true };
const preferences = { theme: "dark" };
const combined = Object.assign(defaults, preferences);
// combined === defaults; defaults.theme is now "dark"To keep the original top-level object unchanged, make a new target first:
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What Object.freeze() does—and does not—freeze
MDN describes it simply: “The Object.freeze() static method freezes an object.” Freezing prevents new properties from being added, makes existing own properties non-configurable, and makes existing data properties non-writable. It returns the same object, not a frozen copy.
const settings = { mode: "dark" };
const frozenSettings = Object.freeze(settings);
frozenSettings === settings; // true
Object.isFrozen(settings); // trueIn strict mode, certain attempted changes to a frozen object throw a TypeError; outside strict mode, failed assignments or deletions can be silent. Freezing an array likewise prevents changes such as updating elements or adding and removing them.
Freezing is shallow
If a frozen object points to another object, that nested object remains mutable unless it is frozen separately.
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const config = Object.freeze({ child: { enabled: true } });
config.child.enabled = false; // the nested object was not frozenFreezing also does not prevent an accessor setter from running, and private elements are not ordinary properties controlled by property descriptors. Treat Object.freeze() as a shallow integrity mechanism, not as deep immutability or a security boundary. A recursive deep-freeze routine must account for cycles and decide which reachable objects should be frozen.
Check only the object you pass
Object.isFrozen(obj) reports whether that particular object meets the frozen descriptor and extensibility conditions. It does not inspect nested objects. For the precise behavior, see MDN’s Object.freeze() reference and Object.isFrozen() reference.
Put the operations together
This example creates a record, reads a value, updates it, and removes an own property:
const record = { id: 1, status: "new" }; // create
const currentStatus = record.status; // read
record.status = "active"; // update
delete record.id; // delete own propertyThese basic operations change the existing object. If a later step depends on preserving the original record, make a separate shallow copy and remember that nested values remain shared. If the goal is to block top-level changes, freeze that object and check it with Object.isFrozen(); neither step makes nested objects immutable automatically.
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