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Use pandas’ .pipe() to send a whole DataFrame or Series through a function while keeping transformations in a readable, left-to-right chain. For example, df.assign(...).pipe(clean_data) first creates the assigned column, then passes that resulting DataFrame to clean_data. It improves how a sequence reads; it does not make the operations faster.

How to use .pipe() in pandas

The basic form is object.pipe(func, *args, **kwargs). pandas passes the current object to func along with any additional positional or keyword arguments, and pipe() returns whatever the function returns. The callable therefore determines the output: it might return a transformed DataFrame, a Series, or another result.

For example, define a function that accepts the DataFrame first, then call it after any ordinary pandas methods that should run before it:

def add_country_name(df, country_name):
    df["city_and_country"] = df["city_name"] + country_name
    return df

result = (
    df.assign(city_name=lambda x: x["city_and_code"].str.split(",").str[0])
      .pipe(add_country_name, country_name="US")
)

Read the chain from top to bottom: assign() creates city_name, then pipe() sends that updated DataFrame to add_country_name() with country_name="US". The function must return the value you want the chain to continue with.

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When the function’s data parameter is not first

Some functions expect the DataFrame under a named parameter that appears later in their signature. Pass a pair containing the callable and the name of that parameter: .pipe((func, "data"), ...). pandas then supplies the current object as the data keyword argument, leaving other arguments for the function.

result = df.query("h > 0").pipe((some_function, "data"), "formula")

In this example, some_function must accept a parameter named data. The current DataFrame is routed to that parameter, and "formula" is passed as another argument. pandas documents this pattern with statsmodels.ols; see the DataFrame.pipe API reference and the method-chaining guide.

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What belongs in a pipe—and what does not

Use pipe() when a function is designed to receive the whole object at once, such as a DataFrame or Series, and you want that operation to remain in a method chain. It is not a substitute for methods that operate on a different input shape.

Method What the callable or operation receives Use it when
pipe() The whole Series, DataFrame, or supported group-like object A function transforms or otherwise uses the entire object in a chain.
map() Scalar values You want to map or transform individual values.
apply() A row or column, depending on how it is called The operation is defined over rows or columns rather than the whole DataFrame.
agg() and other aggregation methods Values to summarize according to the aggregation You want summary results rather than a whole-object transformation.

These methods can produce different output shapes, so choose based on what the function should receive and return. pandas explains the distinction in its guide to user-defined functions and pipes.

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Combine pipes with pandas methods and GroupBy

pipe() can sit between standard pandas operations, letting a chain alternate between built-in methods and your own functions. It is also documented for GroupBy workflows: a function can receive a group-like object as a whole, rather than being applied separately to individual values. Consult the GroupBy pipe documentation for that use.

The pandas user-defined-functions guide describes readability as the main advantage: chaining can make the order of multiple function calls clearer. Keep a pipe when that sequence is easier to follow; use a direct function call when a chain would obscure what the code does. The current pandas documentation identifies its version as 3.0.6, dated September 17, 2026; consult the official documentation for version-specific details.

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