Use the citation style required by your instructor, publisher, or project, and cite the specific page, digitized object, or archived version that supports your claim—not merely the website’s homepage. Chicago offers useful models for history research, but it is not mandatory unless your venue requires it.
What information should an online history citation include?
Start by identifying the particular source and making it retrievable. Depending on the source type and required style, record its creator or author, title, responsible site or collection, relevant publication or revision date, and the URL or stable repository identifier.
- Creator: The person or organization responsible for the page or item, when identified.
- Title: The exact page title or the title assigned to the historical item.
- Site or collection: The website, archive, museum, or repository presenting the material.
- Date: The publication or revision date when available; follow the chosen style when no date is shown.
- Location: The direct URL or a stable repository identifier that leads to the source.
Use the citation model for the actual source type rather than treating every online item as a generic website. Chicago’s Notes and Bibliography guidance gives examples for online material. The Library of Congress provides Chicago examples for digitized primary sources and a broader guide to citing primary sources.
How do you cite a website in a history paper?
Follow the style specified by the paper’s instructor or publication. If you are using Chicago, cite the particular page that supports your point; a website homepage is not normally an adequate bibliographic source when a specific page is available. Chicago’s online guidance says to include an access date when a page has no publication or revision date. Consult its examples for the required Notes and Bibliography or Author-Date system.
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For any style, avoid relying on a site name alone: a reader should be able to identify the page and locate the version you used. If the page’s date or content is unclear, do not invent one; use the details actually supplied by the page and apply the relevant style’s rules.
How should you cite a digitized primary source?
A digitized photograph, document, or other historical object is not simply a web article. Identify the historical item and retain the collection or repository context shown in the applicable citation model. The Library of Congress’s primary-source guidance includes common examples and links to Chicago and MLA approaches; choose the model that matches your required style and the object you consulted.
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Keep the item’s own identifying information distinct from the page that displays it. This helps readers find the historical object within its collection rather than landing only on a general repository page.
How do you cite a website that has changed?
Cite the version you actually consulted. When a public archived version exists and that preserved version is the one supporting your claim, point readers to the archived copy rather than implying that the current live page is identical. Chicago’s online citation guidance addresses citing archived web versions.
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For a site preserved in the Library of Congress Web Archives, follow the archive’s additional instructions. Its Web Archive guide says citations should indicate that the site is archived in the Library of Congress Web Archives and include the archived website’s Citation ID when citing a particular website. The guide gives the identifier format as an example: /item/lcwa00010240. Include the relevant identifier for the item you used, not the example identifier.
Which citation system should you use?
The right choice depends on the assignment and the source’s location and form. Chicago is a useful history-oriented example, not a universal requirement. The Library of Congress provides Chicago and MLA examples for common digitized-primary-source types, while Chicago offers both Notes and Bibliography and Author-Date models.
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- Your venue specifies a style: Use that style’s rules and source-specific examples.
- You are citing a digitized historical object: Select the model for that kind of object and preserve its collection or repository details.
- You are citing an archived web page: Link to the archived version used; if it is in the Library of Congress Web Archives, include the archive information and Citation ID it requires.
NASA History’s Citation Guide is described as guidance for Internet citations in history and historically based humanities. Treat it as a useful subject-specific reference, while checking your instructor’s or publisher’s current requirements first.
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