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1. Record the Express app’s current behavior
Before changing routes, make a baseline you can compare against. This is a practical migration checklist, not a checklist prescribed by Fastify.
- Record the Node.js and Express versions, and list routes by method and path. Group routes by behavior, such as public reads, authenticated actions, file uploads, and error cases.
- Document middleware and its order, including request parsing, authentication, sessions, logging, and error handling.
- For representative requests, note status codes, response headers, payload shapes, validation failures, and error responses.
- Identify authentication and session behavior, request properties used by handlers, and the tests that cover each route group.
Choose a small but representative group for the first port. A route that exercises authentication, validation, and a failure path will reveal more migration issues than a route that only returns a static response.
2. Choose a Fastify version and check prerequisites
Choose the target Fastify major version before translating routes, then check the documentation for that exact version. Fastify’s v5 migration guide requires Node.js v20 or later. With v5’s default validator, querystring, params, body, and response schemas must use full JSON Schema. Plan any Node.js runtime upgrade and schema work before moving a large route set. Read Fastify’s v5 migration guide.
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3. Decide how each Express middleware responsibility will work
Fastify does not include middleware support out of the box. Its documentation says middleware requires an external plugin, naming @fastify/express and @fastify/middie as options. It also recommends Fastify hooks when they suit the task. See Fastify’s middleware reference and hook reference.
| Approach | When it fits | What to verify |
|---|---|---|
Retain Express-style middleware with @fastify/express or @fastify/middie |
A dependency must remain in middleware form during the port. | Confirm compatibility with the selected Fastify version, execution order, request and response properties, and error handling in your application. |
| Translate behavior into Fastify hooks | The behavior maps to a Fastify request lifecycle stage and does not depend on Express-specific interfaces. | Choose the appropriate hook and confirm it runs at the intended point for the routes in scope. |
Make the decision per responsibility, not once for the whole application. Do not assume an Express middleware package will work unchanged just because a compatibility plugin is installed.
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4. Rebuild shared behavior with Fastify plugins
Fastify plugins establish scope boundaries. Decorators and hooks registered in a parent scope are available to child scopes; changes made in a child are not automatically visible to its parent. Register shared services and behavior high enough to reach the routes that need them, and keep route-specific behavior in a narrower plugin. Fastify’s plugin guide explains encapsulation.
This differs from treating a flat sequence of Express app.use() calls as a direct structural template. Organize plugins around application capabilities or route groups, then test that each route can access the intended hooks and decorations. If authentication is registered only within one child plugin, for example, routes outside that child should not be expected to inherit it.
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5. Port routes and define their contracts
Migrate one route group at a time. Fastify recommends JSON Schema for validating incoming data and serializing outgoing responses. Define the relevant schemas for parameters, query strings, request bodies, and responses, taking the chosen Fastify version’s requirements into account. See Fastify’s validation and serialization guide.
- Keep schemas in application-controlled code. Fastify documents that schema validation and serialization use
new Function(); do not accept user-supplied schemas as if they were ordinary input. - Use initial validation for checking request shape and field constraints. Put asynchronous business checks, such as database lookups, in a later lifecycle stage such as
preHandler; Fastify warns that async validation can create denial-of-service risk. - Specify response schemas where useful so the outgoing contract is explicit and serialization follows the defined shape.
For each migrated route, preserve the intended business behavior rather than copying Express handler structure mechanically. Where request or response APIs differ, adapt the handler and verify its observable contract against the baseline.
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6. Compare behavior before expanding the port
Run the same representative cases against the Express implementation and the Fastify port. Check:
- HTTP status, headers, and payload shape for successful responses.
- Validation failures and malformed requests.
- Authentication and session behavior.
- Error responses and middleware or hook ordering.
- Plugin boundaries, including which routes can access shared hooks and decorations.
Fix differences that are not intentional before porting the next group. Expand coverage as route groups move; a successful happy-path response alone does not establish behavioral parity.
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7. Treat deployment as a separate decision
After the application-level port, follow the deployment guidance for the environment you use. Fastify maintains a deployment guide, but there is no single provider or architecture established here as suitable for every migrated app. Consult Fastify’s deployment guide and verify the requirements of your own runtime and hosting environment.
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