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Random freezes, missing sound and display glitches usually trace back to one bad driver. Find and replace yours safely.Free scan · under a minuteREST endpoints belong at the application’s boundary, not in the domain core. In a traditional layered design, they are usually part of the presentation or transport layer. In hexagonal architecture, an HTTP controller is a primary (inbound) adapter. It translates HTTP requests and responses, then delegates to an application use case; business rules remain in the domain.
A project may place controllers in an outer folder called infrastructure, but that is a packaging convention, not a universal architectural rule. Judge the design by what the code does and which way dependencies point.
Which layer should contain REST endpoints?
Use the architecture vocabulary that fits your design, while keeping REST-specific code outside the business core:
- Layered architecture: put REST routes and controllers in the presentation or transport layer. AWS’s classical layered example treats APIs as presentation concerns (AWS: Overview of hexagonal architectures).
- Hexagonal architecture: treat the HTTP implementation as a primary, or inbound, adapter. A REST client is an actor entering the application through that adapter. (AWS: Hexagonal architecture pattern).
- Clean architecture: place the controller among the outer delivery mechanisms, with dependencies directed toward inner application and domain abstractions.
These labels describe responsibility, not a mandatory directory name. GitLab similarly describes REST endpoints as thin transport adapters that call into the application and map results back to responses (GitLab: Decomposing the transport layer into adapters).
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What belongs in each part?
REST controller: translate and delegate
The controller handles the HTTP contract: routes, query parameters, request bodies, transport-level checks, and conversion of results or errors into HTTP responses. Authentication and other presentation concerns may also sit at this boundary, depending on the system’s design. The controller should not become the home for business policies.
Application layer: coordinate a use case
An application service or use case represents an operation the system offers, such as placing an order or updating a profile. It coordinates the steps needed for that operation and calls domain behavior through suitable interfaces. A small service may use a simple façade; command-and-handler structures can make operations more explicit as the system grows.
Domain layer: enforce business meaning
The domain owns business concepts, policies, and semantic invariants: the rules that must hold regardless of whether an operation came from HTTP, a command-line tool, or a message consumer. It should not depend on HTTP request or response types, controller frameworks, serialization libraries, or concrete database systems.
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Infrastructure and secondary adapters: implement external details
Database access, filesystem storage, and external-service clients are technology-specific implementations. In a ports-and-adapters design, these secondary adapters satisfy interfaces required by the application or domain rather than making the core depend on particular technologies.
How should dependencies flow?
A useful mental model is:
HTTP client → REST adapter/controller → application use case or port → domain behavior
Persistence and external-service implementations connect through the relevant ports as secondary adapters. The important constraint is that the domain and stable business abstractions do not depend on the REST framework or its controller implementation. AWS’s explanation of hexagonal architecture describes this boundary and the role of REST adapters (AWS: Hexagonal architecture pattern).
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In practice, have the controller call an application-facing use case or port rather than reaching directly into persistence. This keeps HTTP mapping separate from use-case coordination and lets another entry point reuse the same capability. Add interfaces and handlers where they protect a real boundary; extra layers without a useful change, reuse, or testing benefit are not a goal in themselves.
Where does validation belong?
Separate checks on the shape of an HTTP request from rules about what the business allows:
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- Domain checks: enforce semantic invariants, such as whether a particular state transition is allowed. These rules must hold even if another transport calls the application without going through this REST controller.
This division prevents a forgotten check in one endpoint from creating invalid domain state. Manning’s preview of Clean Applications with Hexagonal Architecture discusses the distinction between syntactic boundary checks and domain invariants (Manning: Clean Applications with Hexagonal Architecture).
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Can REST controllers go in an infrastructure folder?
Yes, if a project uses infrastructure as a broad name for the outer ring of frameworks and delivery mechanisms. A controller stored there can still be a boundary adapter, provided it translates HTTP and points inward. Other teams reserve infrastructure for persistence and external integrations, and put controllers under presentation, transport, or entrypoints.
Do not infer architecture from folder names alone. Check whether the controller owns business rules, bypasses use-case boundaries to manipulate persistence, or forces the domain to import HTTP or framework types. Those responsibilities and dependencies matter more than the label on the directory.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.When is a ports-and-adapters structure worth the overhead?
Ports and adapters can be valuable when multiple client types share business behavior, storage or delivery technologies may change, or isolated testing matters. They also introduce more code, maintenance work, and indirection, which can add latency. AWS advises weighing that cost against the need for multiple inputs or outputs and likely change (AWS: Hexagonal architecture pattern).
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For a small, stable CRUD service with one transport and one store, a lighter structure may be clearer if additional abstractions do not protect a meaningful boundary. A façade can be sufficient for a limited set of operations; as it accumulates dependencies and coordination, it can become a hotspot. CQRS separates reads and writes, but requires more initial work, so adopt it when the expected growth or maintenance needs justify that investment (AWS: Adapting to change).
What might a practical project structure look like?
This example makes the boundary visible without treating names as a standard:
app/
entrypoints/
api/ # REST routes/controllers, request/response mapping
application/ # use cases/handlers, if separated from domain
domain/ # business rules and domain model
ports/ # abstractions for external interactions
adapters/ # database and external API implementations
infra/ # deployment/cloud resourcesAWS provides an example organized around entrypoints, domain, and adapters, with deployment infrastructure separate (AWS: Best practices for building hexagonal architectures). Its sample places command handlers and ports under the domain folder; teams that use domain to mean only the pure business model may instead keep use cases and handlers in a distinct application area. State that distinction clearly in the project.
Quick Recap
How to decide for your project
- Identify what the code does. If it parses HTTP and maps responses, it is boundary or transport code; if it coordinates an operation, it is application code; if it enforces business meaning, it belongs in the domain.
- Check dependency direction. The core should not import controller, HTTP, serialization, or concrete persistence implementations.
- Keep endpoint logic thin enough that another entry point can invoke the same application capability without duplicating business rules.
- Add ports, handlers, or separate modules only when they help with reuse, change isolation, or testing that the service actually needs.
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