In JUnit 4, group tests with marker types annotated directly on test classes or methods, then select those groups through the Categories suite runner. In JUnit 5, use @Tag and tag expressions instead; existing JUnit 4 categories can run on the JUnit Platform when the Vintage engine is available.
How JUnit 4 categories work
A category is a marker class or interface—often an empty interface such as FastTests or IntegrationTests—used to label a test. The Categories runner filters the classes and methods supplied to its suite according to those labels. It does not discover every test in the project on its own.
JUnit 4.13’s Categories API documentation demonstrates selecting SlowTests from test classes A and B. A test marked with a category that extends the included category also matches.
Set up a JUnit 4 category suite
- Define marker types. For example, create empty interfaces named
FastTestsandIntegrationTests. - Label a test class or method. Add
@Category(FastTests.class)to the class or directly to a test method. To assign more than one category, supply multiple marker types to the annotation. - Create a suite. Annotate a suite class with
@RunWith(Categories.class),@IncludeCategory(...), and@SuiteClasses({...}). The suite class list identifies the test classes that are eligible to run. - Optionally exclude a category. Add
@ExcludeCategory(...)to omit matching classes or methods from the included run.
For example, this suite runs tests in A and B that belong to either FastTests or SmokeTests:
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@RunWith(Categories.class)
@IncludeCategory({FastTests.class, SmokeTests.class})
@SuiteClasses({A.class, B.class})
public class FastOrSmokeSuite {}Use the imports from JUnit 4’s org.junit.experimental.categories package for the category annotations and runner. The official example and behavior are documented in the JUnit 4.13 API.
Understand category matching and avoid common mistakes
- Multiple included categories are alternatives. A test matching any included category is selected; the JUnit example uses this to include either fast or smoke tests.
- Subtypes are included. If
QuickIntegrationTestsextendsIntegrationTests, includingIntegrationTestsalso matches tests labeled with the subtype. JUnit’s release notes document category interfaces or classes and subtype matching. - Exclusion filters matching tests out. Use
@ExcludeCategorywhen a category should be omitted from an otherwise included suite; it is documented in the same JUnit release notes. - Annotate the test itself, not the suite. JUnit’s API states that “Categories must be annotated on the direct method or class.” Adding
@Categoryto the suite does not classify its contained tests. - Remember the suite’s class list.
@IncludeCategoryfilters the classes named by@SuiteClasses; it is not a project-wide test-discovery setting.
What replaces JUnit 4 categories in JUnit 5?
JUnit Jupiter uses string tags with @Tag, rather than category marker types. The JUnit migration guide puts it plainly: “@Category no longer exists; use @Tag instead.” For new Jupiter tests, a method or class might use @Tag("integration"), and the test launcher or build configuration applies a tag filter.
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| Aspect | JUnit 4 Categories | JUnit Platform and Jupiter tags |
|---|---|---|
| Label | Marker class or interface with @Category |
String label with @Tag |
| Selection | Categories runner plus @IncludeCategory and optional @ExcludeCategory |
Tag filters or tag expressions, such as product & !end-to-end |
| Test set | Classes named in the suite’s @SuiteClasses |
Tests discovered by the Platform and then filtered |
| Legacy JUnit 4 tests on the Platform | Require the JUnit Vintage engine on the test runtime path for Platform launcher discovery | Native Jupiter tests use Jupiter’s engine |
For a gradual migration, the Vintage engine maps each JUnit 4 category to a tag named after the category’s fully qualified class name. A category called Example in package com.acme, for example, becomes the tag com.acme.Example. This mapping and the Vintage requirement are described in the JUnit migration guide.
Use JUnit Platform tag expressions
Tag expressions combine labels with boolean operators: ! means not, & means and, and | means or. Parentheses group expressions. For example, product & !end-to-end selects product tests while excluding end-to-end tests; (micro | integration) & (product | shipping) combines two groups of alternatives. These forms appear in the JUnit 5 tagging and filtering guide.
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Tag names must not be blank. After trimming, they may not contain whitespace, ISO control characters, or the reserved characters ,, (, ), &, |, and !. Choose concise names that avoid those characters, then configure filtering in the build tool, IDE, or launcher that actually runs the tests. The exact configuration depends on that environment; these annotation and expression rules alone do not specify a Maven, Gradle, or IDE setup.
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