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There is no universal way for JavaScript to share a C++ struct with native code. For Emscripten/WebAssembly, use Embind to convert registered records into ordinary JavaScript objects or arrays, or expose a typed memory view when JavaScript needs bulk numeric data. For a Node.js native addon, use Node-API to create JavaScript values. These are different interfaces with different ownership and lifetime rules; none makes an arbitrary C++ struct layout automatically visible to JavaScript.

First choose what “sharing” means

A JavaScript object containing the same fields as a C++ record is a value conversion. A typed array view over WebAssembly memory is access to bytes in a particular memory region. The first is usually easier to use as application data; the second is designed for bulk access and requires explicit memory-lifetime care.

The right mechanism also depends on the host. Embind applies to Emscripten/WebAssembly integration; Node-API applies to Node.js native addons. They are not interchangeable. The WebAssembly JavaScript interface defines the host boundary for modules, imports, exports, and data exchange, while higher-level tools such as Embind provide type conversions on top of it (WebAssembly JavaScript API overview; WebAssembly JS Interface specification).

Compare the main approaches

Approach Best fit Main trade-off
Embind value_object or value_array Records that JavaScript should use as ordinary objects or arrays Fields must be registered, and conversion semantics do not imply shared C++ memory.
Typed memory view Large numeric or binary data consumed by typed-array APIs The caller is responsible for pointer-like lifetime, validity, and safe mutation.
Node-API value construction Native addons running in Node.js It is a Node.js addon interface, not a browser WebAssembly binding or a general zero-copy struct mapping.

Represent a C++ record as a JavaScript object or array

In Emscripten, Embind lets you register C++ value types and their fields. A value_object maps to a JavaScript object with named fields; a value_array maps to a JavaScript array. This is a good fit when application code wants normal JS values rather than direct access to a native memory layout. See the Embind documentation.

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#include <emscripten/bind.h>

struct Point2f {
  float x;
  float y;
};

EMSCRIPTEN_BINDINGS(my_module) {
  emscripten::value_object<Point2f>("Point2f")
      .field("x", &Point2f::x)
      .field("y", &Point2f::y);
}

This registration describes how Embind translates the fields across the boundary. It does not expose a JavaScript object that is laid out in memory exactly like Point2f. Decide which side owns the canonical value: a converted JS object and the original C++ value do not necessarily remain synchronized. Embind documents examples where a property copy does not update the original, as well as separate reference-return policies; behavior depends on the binding and return policy you actually use. Do not infer reference semantics merely because fields have matching names.

Expose a typed view for bulk data

When the payload is a large numeric or binary buffer, a typed memory view into the WebAssembly heap can let JavaScript APIs consume the data without copying the view itself. That can be useful for bulk processing, but the view is not a durable shared object. Embind warns: “Memory views should be treated like raw pointers; lifetime and validity are not managed by the runtime and it’s easy to corrupt data if the underlying object is modified or deallocated.”

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Before using a view, define the ownership contract explicitly:

  • Specify which side allocates the backing storage and which side frees it.
  • Set the valid lifetime of the view and avoid using it after the native object is deallocated or changed.
  • Document which side may mutate the memory and whether concurrent or unexpected writes are possible.
  • Check your build and runtime configuration before assuming how memory growth or reallocation affects an existing view.

Use Node-API for Node.js native addons

Node.js addons use Node-API, which exposes JavaScript values through the opaque napi_value type and provides APIs to create and manipulate those values. The current Node.js v26.8.2 documentation describes Node-API as independent of the underlying JavaScript runtime and lists it as the recommended addon implementation option. node-addon-api is the official C++ wrapper. Read the Node-API documentation and Node.js C++ addon documentation.

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A Node.js addon can build a JavaScript object from a C++ record using Node-API, or expose a deliberately designed class or handle API. The Node-API stable ABI concerns the addon boundary; it does not guarantee that a user-defined C++ struct has a JavaScript-compatible or stable memory layout. The documented interface does not establish a universal zero-copy struct mapping, so do not promise one.

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Keep the WebAssembly module boundary in perspective

WebAssembly’s JavaScript interface describes module construction and instantiation, calls to imports and exports, data exchange, and errors. JavaScript interacts with those interfaces; it does not gain automatic introspection into arbitrary C++ struct layouts. Embind is one higher-level route for value conversion, while a typed memory view is a separate, lower-level route to memory.

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A compiled WebAssembly Module object can be structured-cloned and stored in IndexedDB or shared across windows and workers using postMessage, according to the WebAssembly.org JavaScript API overview. That capability concerns the compiled module object, not arbitrary C++ structs or their data.

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Choose by semantics, host, and ownership

  • For a small or moderate record that JavaScript should treat as application data, register it with Embind as a value object or array in an Emscripten project.
  • For bulk numeric or binary data, consider a typed view only when you can enforce clear ownership, lifetime, and mutation rules.
  • For a Node.js native addon, construct JavaScript values through Node-API or design a class/handle interface suited to the data.
  • For any approach, make copies, references, and ownership explicit at the boundary. Choose based on the required semantics and compatibility, not an assumed universal speed advantage.

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