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Set token permissions to match each job
GitHub lets you define GITHUB_TOKEN permissions with the permissions key at the workflow level or at an individual job. Begin with the operations each job performs. A job that checks out and reads source will often need only contents: read; add a narrowly selected write permission only for a task that requires it. GitHub’s [permissions syntax](https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-jobs/assigning-permissions-to-jobs) and [tutorial](https://docs.github.com/en/actions/security-for-github-actions/security-guides/automatic-token-authentication) document these settings.
Workflow-level permissions are convenient when every job has the same needs. Prefer job-level permissions when jobs differ: a read-only check should not inherit the write access needed by a separate issue-creation task. For example, GitHub’s tutorial demonstrates contents: read with issues: write for a job that creates an issue. That is an example of a task-specific grant, not a default permission set for coding agents.
Do not assume a token is unavailable just because it is not explicitly passed in a step. An action can access github.token; the effective permissions still matter. Review the actions used by the job as well as the agent’s own operations. GitHub’s [secure-use guidance](https://docs.github.com/en/actions/security-for-github-actions/security-guides/security-hardening-for-github-actions) recommends least privilege and discusses the relationship between write access and repository secrets. A permissions block is not, by itself, a way to make untrusted code safe: keep privileged operations isolated from jobs that execute untrusted pull-request code or arbitrary user-supplied content.
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Choose what happens when runs overlap
A concurrency group allows only one matching job or workflow run at a time. By default, a group has one running run and at most one pending run; if another run becomes pending, it cancels the previous pending run. See GitHub’s [concurrency syntax documentation](https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-jobs/using-concurrency).
Isolate ordinary checks by workflow and ref
For checks that should overlap neither with another run of the same workflow on the same ref nor cancel unrelated workflows or branches, use a group that includes both workflow and ref:
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concurrency:
group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
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Share a group only for a shared resource
A shared group can deliberately serialize workflows that target the same deployment or other exclusive resource. But runs in that group then affect one another: a new pending run can replace an older pending run, and cancellation settings can stop in-progress work. GitHub warns that group names shared across workflows can cause pending or in-progress runs in the group to be canceled. Use a shared name only when that cross-workflow interaction is intentional.
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Cancel only work that is safe to replace
cancel-in-progress: true suits checks where a newer commit makes an older run unnecessary. If each run must execute, allow runs to finish or configure the appropriate queuing behavior instead of canceling them. Release tasks that should complete should not be canceled merely because a later run starts. GitHub also supports conditional cancellation; do not assume a queue guarantees strict first-in, first-out order unless the documentation for the selected mode says so.
Example: a read-only agent check
This is an illustrative starting point, not a universal configuration. It grants the check job read access and cancels an older matching run when a newer one starts. Verify the actions and their versions, whether the agent needs writes, whether pull-request code is trusted, and whether cancellation is acceptable before adopting it.
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name: Agent checks
on:
pull_request:
push:
branches: [main]
permissions:
contents: read
concurrency:
group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
cancel-in-progress: true
jobs:
checks:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
permissions:
contents: read
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
- run: ./run-agent-checks.shThe example’s read permission is suitable only if the steps need no additional access. If the agent must create issues or pull requests, identify the precise permissions and token mechanism needed for that operation rather than broadly granting write access. GitHub notes that an installation token from a GitHub App or a personal access token may be used when GITHUB_TOKEN cannot provide the necessary permissions. Select credentials according to least privilege and repository policy.
Account for GITHUB_TOKEN follow-up behavior
GitHub creates a unique GITHUB_TOKEN for each job. It is a GitHub App installation access token limited to the repository containing the workflow. Most events generated with this token do not start another workflow run, which helps prevent accidental recursive workflows. GitHub documents exceptions including workflow_dispatch and repository_dispatch, as well as approval behavior for certain pull-request events. See [GITHUB_TOKEN authentication details](https://docs.github.com/en/actions/security-for-github-actions/security-guides/automatic-token-authentication).
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If an agent pushes a commit or creates or updates a pull request with GITHUB_TOKEN, do not assume that the resulting push or pull-request event will start downstream automation. Check the downstream trigger and design an intentional dispatch or other authentication mechanism if another run is required.
GitHub documents a maximum job duration of six hours on GitHub-hosted runners and five days on self-hosted runners. For self-hosted runs, the installation token can be refreshed only up to 24 hours. These are platform limits, not recommended job durations; the token’s effective lifetime is governed by the runner and job limits.
Use repository or organization policies for execution controls
YAML permissions limit a workflow’s token, and concurrency governs overlapping matching runs. Administrators can also use workflow execution protections to restrict which actors and events may run specified workflows. GitHub documents these controls at repository, organization, or enterprise level, depending on account settings and availability. The feature’s how-to lists public repositories and private repositories on GitHub Team or Enterprise for the described controls. Policy insights can help assess runs that were blocked or would be blocked. See [workflow execution protections](https://docs.github.com/en/actions/how-tos/manage-workflow-runs/disable-workflow-runs).
GitHub’s Actions policy overview announces enforcement of a default policy blocking pull_request_target in public repositories on November 2, 2026. This is an announced future policy as of October 4, 2026; check GitHub’s [Actions policy documentation](https://docs.github.com/en/actions/reference/security/secure-use) for its current status before relying on it.
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Quick Recap
Configuration choices at a glance
| Decision | Option | Use it when |
|---|---|---|
| Permission scope | Workflow-level permissions | Jobs share the same access needs and a common baseline is appropriate. |
| Permission scope | Job-level permissions | Jobs have meaningfully different needs; isolate write access to the job that requires it. |
| Concurrency scope | Workflow-and-ref group | Runs of one workflow on a given ref should interact without interfering with other workflows or refs. |
| Concurrency scope | Shared group | Different workflows intentionally contend for the same exclusive resource and cross-workflow cancellation or queuing is understood. |
| Run disposition | Cancel in-progress work | A newer run makes the older check unnecessary. |
| Run disposition | Allow completion or queue | Every run matters, or a release or other task should finish rather than be replaced. |
| Execution control | Actor or event restrictions | Repository, organization, or enterprise policy must limit which actors or events may execute workflows. |
| Follow-up workflows | Explicit dispatch/authentication design | Automation must trigger downstream work after an operation made with GITHUB_TOKEN. |
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