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Start with a key inventory and policy
Before creating or replacing keys, establish what keys exist and what depends on them. NIST’s organizational guidance covers planning, policy, practice statements, and key-management responsibilities; its key-management recommendations also emphasize inventory and protection of key-related metadata.
- Record which applications, services, data stores, and backups use each key.
- Identify the key’s purpose, such as encrypting stored data or supporting a key-establishment process.
- Document which people, services, or systems are authorized to use or administer it.
- Track lifecycle status and the systems or recovery processes that still depend on it.
- Protect the inventory and metadata: they can reveal where sensitive data is held and how to reach the keys that protect it.
NIST SP 800-57 Part 2 Revision 1 describes organizational planning and documentation, including key-management policy and practice statements. It does not prescribe one inventory format or architecture for every organization. Read NIST SP 800-57 Part 2 Revision 1.
How should encryption keys be generated?
Use an approved method appropriate to the key’s purpose. NIST SP 800-57 Part 1 Revision 5 says symmetric keys should be generated using an approved random-number generator or derived with an approved key-derivation function from a master or key-derivation key. Do not invent a random-number generator, key-derivation scheme, or shortcut.
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NIST lists SP 800-133 Revision 2, released June 4, 2020, as final key-generation guidance. SP 800-133 Revision 3 was listed as a draft dated April 17, 2026; draft material is not a final recommendation. Check NIST’s publication page for current status before relying on a particular revision. NIST SP 800-133 Revision 2 · NIST SP 800-133 Revision 3 draft.
Where should encryption keys be stored?
Store keys in a system designed to enforce the controls your use case requires, rather than alongside the data they protect without meaningful access separation. NIST’s guidance highlights access control, identity authentication, key and certificate inventory, and protection of metadata. Apply those controls across key creation, distribution, use, storage, and eventual destruction.
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- Restrict access: authorize only the people and services that need a key operation, and authenticate their identities.
- Separate duties where appropriate: avoid giving routine application identities unnecessary key-administration privileges.
- Audit use and administration: retain records that help identify who or what accessed a key and when.
- Plan for continuity: document how authorized systems recover access during outages and how backups or replicas depend on keys.
- Protect metadata and inventory: limit access to records that identify keys, their purpose, owners, or dependent systems.
A managed key management service (KMS) or a hardware security module (HSM) may be an implementation option. Neither category is automatically suitable: compare who controls or can access key material, identity and authorization controls, audit capabilities, integration and availability requirements, recovery options, lifecycle support, and the operational work your organization must perform. Verify product-specific behavior in current vendor documentation; NIST’s broad guidance does not establish that a particular provider or product is right for you. NIST SP 800-57 Part 1 Revision 5.
How to rotate keys without losing access to data
Rotation is a controlled transition between keys. Existing ciphertext, replicas, and backups may still require the old key, so do not replace a key and immediately destroy it as a blanket procedure.
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- Confirm the reason and scope. Identify which key is changing, what it protects, and which systems and data depend on it.
- Create or provision the replacement. Use the approved generation or derivation method and the controls established for that key’s role.
- Update dependent systems. Configure authorized encryption and decryption paths to use the replacement as intended, and verify that the change works for the relevant applications.
- Account for existing protected data. Determine whether data encrypted under the old key must be re-encrypted, remain decryptable with the old key, or be handled through another documented transition. Include backups and replicas in this decision.
- Test recovery before retirement. Check that the organization can restore data and services through its documented recovery processes, including any required access to the old key.
- Retire the old key only when its dependencies and retention needs are understood. Record its status and disposition under organizational policy; destroy it when it is no longer needed and destruction will not remove required access.
NIST warns in its Part 3 guidance that prematurely destroying some private key-establishment keys may prevent recovery of plaintext. The implications depend on the key’s role and system, so rotation and retirement decisions should follow the applicable policy and system documentation. NIST SP 800-57 Part 3 Revision 1.
When should old keys be retired?
Retire a key when its authorized purpose and dependencies have ended and the organization’s retention and recovery requirements allow it—not merely because a replacement has been created. There is no universal rotation interval established by the cited NIST material for every key and use case. Set schedules and retirement criteria in policy based on the system, key role, applicable requirements, and operational dependencies.
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Routine rotation is also different from suspected compromise. The guidance cited here establishes lifecycle and disposition concerns, but not one incident-response playbook. Follow your organization’s incident procedures and the documentation for the affected system when compromise is suspected; do not assume the routine migration sequence is sufficient.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Which NIST guidance applies?
NIST SP 800-57 Part 1 Revision 5 was published in May 2020 and is listed alongside an initial public draft of Revision 6, dated December 5, 2025. The draft date is not a final-publication date. SP 800-133 Revision 2 is listed as final, while Revision 3 is listed as a draft dated April 17, 2026. Check NIST’s key-management project page for current publication status because revisions may change. NIST key-management project page.
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