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Start with the exact error response—not a broad IAM policy change. Record the AWS Region, operation, model or resource identifier, HTTP status, exception name, and full message. Then follow the matching branch below: authorization errors call for an access and credential check; validation and not-found errors usually point to the request or identifier; 429 and 503 responses require different remedies.
Capture the failure before changing anything
Keep enough context to distinguish an account, request, and service problem. Save the full response body and record:
- Exception or error code, HTTP status, and full message.
- Operation used, such as
InvokeModel, streaming invocation, or Converse. - Model ID, ARN, endpoint, or inference profile identifier.
- AWS Region, credential profile or role in use, and approximate timestamp.
Do not include secrets or raw sensitive prompts in logs or a support case. SDKs can wrap service errors differently, so use the underlying response and the operation-specific API reference rather than assuming every client displays the same exception name. See AWS’s Amazon Bedrock API error guidance and the InvokeModel API reference.
Use the error to choose your next check
| Error or symptom | What to check first | Next step |
|---|---|---|
AccessDeniedException (403) |
Whether the active user or role is allowed to perform the specific operation on the requested resource; whether temporary credentials expired. | Correct the relevant identity policy and check for role or organization-level restrictions. AWS defines this error as insufficient permission for the requested action. |
NotAuthorized (400) |
IAM permissions, role trust relationship, organization policy, and service control policy. | Ask the account administrator to inspect the policies that apply to the caller and role. |
iam:PassRole denied |
Whether the caller can pass the exact service role required by the feature. | Allow only the required pass-role permission and verify the role’s trust requirements. This is separate from permission to invoke a model. |
FTUFormNotFilled (404) |
For the documented case, whether Anthropic use-case details were submitted. | Complete that model-use-case requirement and retry. Do not treat it as a prerequisite for every Bedrock model. |
IncompleteSignature (400) or invalid token |
Credential source and validity, signing configuration, AWS SDK compatibility, and system clock where applicable. | Check the active credentials and signing setup; rotate or refresh credentials if needed, then retry with a newly signed request. |
ValidationException or ValidationError (400) |
Required fields, values, formats, and whether the operation supports the chosen model and request options. | Correct the request using the reference for that specific operation and model. |
ResourceNotFound or ResourceNotFoundException (404) |
Whether the model ID, ARN, endpoint, or inference profile is correct and available in the selected Region and invocation path. | Confirm the resource identifier and how the resource is meant to be invoked. |
ThrottlingException (429) |
Whether traffic exceeds the applicable account quota for that model, endpoint, and Region. | Check current Service Quotas, smooth or reduce traffic, or investigate whether a quota increase is available. |
ServiceUnavailable (503) |
Temporary service demand or capacity pressure, rather than an account quota overrun. | Retry with exponential backoff and jitter; consider another supported Region or cross-Region inference only if it fits your model and application requirements. |
overloaded_error (529) |
Whether the model is temporarily unable to serve because of demand or capacity. | Retry with exponential backoff and jitter. Honor a Retry-After header if returned, and avoid synchronized retry bursts. |
InternalFailure (500) |
A transient server-side failure. | Retry with exponential backoff and jitter; contact AWS Support if the failure persists. |
RequestExpired (400) |
System clock synchronization and request timestamp validity. | Correct clock synchronization and send a newly signed request. |
The status and error names above follow AWS’s documented cases; a particular SDK may surface a wrapper exception instead. For the full definitions, consult AWS’s error-code reference.
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For access errors, check the specific action and caller
For a direct InvokeModel request, AWS requires bedrock:InvokeModel on the model or resource being called. Other interfaces can require different invocation actions; verify the action for the API you actually use. An operation that passes a service role can also require iam:PassRole. The InvokeModel reference states that the operation requires permission for bedrock:InvokeModel.
Check the identity policy attached to the active user or role, but do not stop there. Explicit denies, role trust, organization policies, service control policies, and expired temporary credentials can also block a request. AWS’s IAM access-denied guidance covers these policy and credential checks. Use IAM Access Analyzer to check policy syntax and best-practice issues, and keep permissions limited to the actions and resources needed.
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Console access and runtime access are not identical. AWS notes that the console needs minimum listing and viewing permissions to function; callers using only the CLI or API do not need those console permissions. Avoid attaching a broad policy as a catch-all fix.
For validation errors, verify the request shape
A ValidationException generally points to the request rather than access. Compare the request with the reference for the operation and the requirements of the selected model: check required parameters, allowed values, formats, supported operation/model combinations, and required headers. For InvokeModel, the request needs a modelId and a JSON body. The API reference documents the request shape and its validation failures.
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Check guardrail settings as a group
If using a guardrail, make sure its identifier and configuration agree. AWS documents invocation errors when the guardrail identifier and configuration are inconsistent, when a guardrail is enabled with a non-JSON content type, or when an identifier is supplied without a guardrail version. Check these settings together rather than changing the model ID to address a configuration mismatch.
For not-found errors, match the identifier to the resource and Region
Bedrock’s modelId parameter can identify different resource types; it is not necessarily a base-model name. Depending on the invocation path, it can refer to a base model, Marketplace endpoint, inference profile, provisioned throughput resource, custom or imported model, or prompt resource. Check that the identifier is the one for the resource you provisioned, that it is supported by the operation, and that the request is sent to the Region where it is available. The InvokeModel API reference describes the accepted identifier types.
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Distinguish quota throttling from temporary capacity pressure
A 429 and a 503 do not mean the same thing. AWS describes ThrottlingException (429) as an account quota overrun. ServiceUnavailable (503) indicates temporary demand or capacity pressure; AWS explicitly distinguishes it from account quotas. As AWS puts it, “This is not related to your account-level quotas or rate limits (which return 429 ThrottlingException).” See the error guidance.
For 429 responses, inspect the quota for the exact account, Region, model, and endpoint rather than relying on a general quota figure. AWS documents separate allocations for bedrock-runtime and bedrock-mantle, even when they call the same underlying model. On bedrock-runtime, per-model token quotas combine input and output tokens; request-per-minute quotas apply only to some models. See Amazon Bedrock quotas and the runtime service quotas for current account-specific limits.
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For recurring quota pressure, first reduce or smooth concurrency and request volume. If demand is sustained, assess whether a quota increase is available, or whether provisioned throughput or a cross-Region inference profile fits the workload. Availability is conditional, and AWS advises checking deprecated or legacy model status before requesting an increase. Cross-Region inference and provisioned capacity are operational choices, not automatic fixes: verify supported models, data-residency needs, and application requirements.
Retry transient errors without creating a retry storm
For internal or unavailable errors, AWS recommends exponential backoff with random jitter. Increase the wait between retries and add randomness so clients do not all retry simultaneously. For overloaded_error, honor Retry-After if the response includes it. Keep retrying only transient failures; a malformed request, invalid identifier, or denied permission needs correction rather than repeated attempts.
If failures persist, include the request ID, model ID, Region, operation, full error, and approximate timestamp when contacting AWS Support. Redact secrets and sensitive prompt content.
When permissions, requests, and quotas all look correct
Recheck the complete error body and the current operation-specific reference: Bedrock error surfaces, model availability, permission actions, model prerequisites, and quotas can vary by model, Region, and account and may change. The AWS documentation cited here provides diagnostic cases, not a complete access-prerequisite matrix for every model and Region. Use the current reference for the exact resource and API path involved.
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